LLL Midterm (in class review)

not mine

Why did pictographic writing systems become imppractical?

They would require huge numbers of symbols and would have difficulty representing abstract or complex ideas

Why is a mixed writing system useful?

It represents both phonological information (sounds) and morphological information (meaningful parts of words), connecting writing to both pronunciation and meaning

What is an example of a writing system that represents both sounds and words?

Chinese, its characters can represent meaningful units/words while also carrying sound information

Why is listening easier than reading?

- Does not require decoding written symbols

- Speech provides prosodic info

- Spoken language develops naturally

- Listening provides additional context clues

Compare the dorsal and ventral pathways involved in reading. What is each pathway especially associated with?

D= HOW (phonology)

V= WHAT (meaning)

What is the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)?

The brain's letterbox

Finely tuned to respond to written stimuli

How does literacy experience affect the VWFA?

Boosts the response to known script in the VWFA

Why would it be misleading to describe the VWFA as an independent "reading center"?

Other brain regions are involved in reading, not just the VWFA. Literacy changes how written language interacts with the spoken language network

Where is the VWFA located?

In the left lateral occipitotemporal Sulcus

What is the neuronal recycling hypothesis?

Learning to read recycles existing cortical space, because it is a recent invention, the brain did not evolve a completely new area for it

What is invariant visual recognition/perception?

The ability to recognize the same object regardless of its orientation or viewing angle

What is mirror invariance?

The visual system's tendency to treat mirror- image versions of an object as equivalent

Why doe we have to unlearn mirror invariance to read?

Certain mirrored letters have different meanings (b,d,p,q)

What is orthographic interference?

When knowledge of written language/ spelling influences how a person processes spoken language, even when no written words are present

How can learning to read influence spoken- language processing when no written words are visible?

After acquiring an alphabetic code, whole- word sounds are automatically broken up into sound constituents

Why are people faster to judge that 'toast-roast' rhymes that 'toast-ghost' even though both pairs rhyme when spoken?

Because orthography influences the way literate people process spoken words

What does the toast- roast vs. toast- ghost finding demostrate?

Written- language knowledge can influence the processing of spoken language, even when the words are only heard and are not visually presented

What did Frith mean by saying "language is never the same again"?

Learning to read fundamentally changes how a person processes spoken language

How does alphabetic literacy change awareness of the phonological structure of spoken words?

It makes people more aware that spoken words can be broken down into individual phonemes/ speech sounds

What does "think in letters" mean?

After becoming literate, a person automatically incorporates orthographic/spelling information into their processing of spoken language

Why would directly asking participants about spelling be a weak test of implicit processing?

It occurs below the level of conscious awareness. By asking directly, you are asking someone to think consciously.

What would be a better way than directly asking about spelling to test whether orthographic knowledge implicitly influences spoken- language processing?

Use a task where participants do not have to consciously report their spelling knowledge

What are the two models of reading discussed in chapter 3?

Dual route and connectionist

What is the dual route model?

Proposes there are two routes for reading words, allowing readers to use different types of information during word recognition

What is the connectionist/triangle model?

Emphasizes the interaction between different levels of language processing, particularly orthography, phonology, and semantics

What is partial lexical knowledge?

It means that a person knows something about a word but does not have complete knowledge of its meaning or how to use it

Why is recognizing metamorphosis but not being able to define or use it correctly an example of partial lexical knowledge?

The student has some knowledge of the word and recognizes it, however they can't use it correctly

What does partial lexical knowledge tell us about how vocabulary develops?

Word learning is NOT all-or-nothing

What is the velcro analogy for vocabulary learning?

Existing semantic networks and background knowledge provide "hooks" that allow new vocabulary to attach to what a person already knows

Stronger connections= easier for new words to be learned

How does background knowledge make it easier to learn new words?

Background knowledge gie a new word something to connect to

Give an example of the velcro analogy

If you already know a lot about animals, learning the word nocturnal is easier because you can connect it to animals such as owls

Why isn't hearing a new vocabulary word repeatedly enough to guarantee deep word learning?

It may not create a strong semantic representation

What are at least 3 strategies that can improve vocabulary learning?

Provide repeated opportunities to use the word

Teach words in meaningful contexts

Connect new words to existing knowledge

What is elaborate exposure?

Providing learners with multiple, rich encounters with a word, including contextualized and decontextualized examples and explanations, so they develop deeper knowledge of the word

How does EF contribute to successful reading?

Attention

Inhibition

Cognitive flexibility

What are the 3 broad stages of reading development?

"Snapshots"--> logographic awareness

"Sounds"--> phonemic awareness

"Sight words"--> visual recognition

What happens during the snapshots stage?

Children memorize snapshots of pictures, symbols, and word shapes

What happens during the sounds stage?

Children develop phonemic awareness and realize that spoken words are made up of individual sounds

What happens during the sight words stage?

Children develop automatic visual recognition of words

What is the self- teaching hypothesis?

Reading development is an ongoing process in which children's experiences with reading and writing help them continue learning and developing across the lifespan

What does the self- teaching hypothesis tell us about the mechanism of change?

It suggests that children can learn through their own experiences with reading, with each successful encounter helping them develop their reading skills further

What does the self- teaching hypothesis tell us about individual differences among readers?

They do not all develop in exactly the same way or at exactly the same pace. Their experiences and opportunities for learning can affect how their reading develops

What is cognitive overload in writing?

Occurs when a child has too many demands competing for limited cognitive resources

Why might a second grader tell a detailed story orally but write a much shorter, less organized story?

Writing requires the child to manage multiple processes at the same time

What are three characteristics of robust vocabulary instruction?

Meaningful context

Repeated use

Connect to existing knowledge

What is a developmental delay?

Follows typical development sequence, just later than expected

What is a developmental difference?

Development is qualitatively different from the typical development pattern

Someone says adolescents with IDD should only receive functional literacy instruction because academic literacy will not be useful in adulthood. How would you respond?

You cannot have one without the other

Literacy skills develop through out adulthood, and literacy is important for independence, employment, health, quality of life, etc.

Why should literacy instruction continue into adolescence and adulthood for people with IDD?

Reading demands increase in adulthood

Literacy supports independence

Literacy improves employment/vocational opportunities

Examples of adult literacy tasks?

Contract for job

Signing a lease

Filling a prescription

Is it too late to provide literacy intervention to an adult with IDD who has not developed adequate literacy skills?

No, they can always benefit

What problem are leveled books intended to address for adults with IDD?

Adults with IDD may have a mismatch between their reading level and their interests/age

These books provide accessible material that is still enjoyable and age appropriate

What is Direct Instruction (DI)?

When the teacher leads the lesson and explicitly and systematically guides the student through practice

What is cognitive strategy instruction (CSI)?

Equips the student with tools/ strategies that allow them to succeed across skills and content areas

How does reading interact with other systems, skills, or areas of development? Give 3 examples

Reading and spoken language

Reading and EF

Reading and vocabulary/semantic knowledge

Why are SLPs uniquely qualified to treat reading and writing? Give 3 examples

Reading and writing are language-based skills

SLPs understand the connection between spoken and written language

SLPs can assess and treat language, literacy, and related cognitive/motor processes together