Covalent Bonding (notes, packet)

The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a compound.

Electronegativity

Covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally (higher electronegative element uses electron more).

Polar

Covalent bond in which electrons are equally shared (similar electronegativity).

Non-polar

Transfer of electrons (higher electronegative element takes electron from lower).

Ionic

Why is the oxygen side of water slightly negative and the hydrogen side of water slighlty positive?

Oxygen has higher electronegativity, pulling the electrons more strongly than oxygen.

0 - 0.4

Non-polar covalent (symmetrical)

0.5 - 1.8

Polar covalent (asymmetrical)

1.9+

Ionic

______ ______ causes electron pairs to move as far apart as possible. This affects the shape of the molecule.

Electron repulsion

109.5 degrees - No unshared pairs on central atom.

Tetrahedral

107 degrees - One unshared pair on central atom.

Pyramidal

105 degrees - Two unshared pairs on central atom.

Bent

180 degrees - 3 atoms, no unshared pair OR 2 atoms.

Linear