Chem - 2nd TERM 1st Summa (L1)

Matter

Physical material of the universe
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Living and Nonliving
What the world is made of

Can be detected using:

• Sight

• Hear

• Smell

• Taste

• Touch

Gas - Microscopic View

None, molecules are separated

Liquid - Microscopic View

No definite shape, scattered molecule

Solid - Microscopic View

Aligned molecules

Macroscopic Level

Matter that can be seen with the human eye
EX: beach sand, trees, cars

Microscopic Level

Matter too small and requires a microscope to be seen
EX: Individual bacteria, DNA molecules, semiconductors
length: 10-₆

Particulate Matter

Matter too small to be seen with even the most powerful optical microscope
Length: 1 Angstrom (A) = 10-₁₀

3 Main States

• Matter exist in different states depending on temperature and energy

• States are also called phases

• Matter can change from one phase to another when physical forces are applied

1. Solid

2. Liquid

3. Gas

4. Plasma

5. Bose-Einstein Condensate-Super Fluid

States

Also called “Phases”

Solid

Has a fixed shape and volume

Liquid

Has a fixed volume but take the shape of its container

Gas

Neither fixed shape nor volume

Plasma

4th state of matter
Doesn’t have a fixed shape or volume
Made when a gas is heated so much, its atoms lose electrons
Charged particles that can conduct electricity
EX: lightning, fluorescent bulbs, neon signs

Bose-Einstein Condensate-Super Fluid

Rare state of matter
Particles called “bosons” lose their individual behavior and all collapse into the same lowest energy state
They move together as if they were one “super atom”
Happens only at extremely low temperatures, close to absolute zero

Classification of Matter

Materials are classified based on the distribution of their properties and composition throughout the material

• Homogenous

• Heterogenous

Homogenous

Mixed well
If composition and properties are uniform throughout

Heterogenous

Can separate
If not uniform throughout

Substance

Made of only one kind of material with fixed properties
Cannot be separated by simple physical changes
EX: pure water, pure sugar

Mixture

2 or more substances are combines together
Properties of a mixture can change depending on how much of each substance is present
Can be separated by physical methods (filtering / picking apart)
EX: salt mixed w/ pepper, iron mixed w/ sulfur

Element

Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simple substances
EX: oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), sodium (Na)

Compound

Formed when 2 or more elements are chemically-joined
Have new properties different from the elements that make them
EX: Water (H₂O), Salt (NaCl), Sugar (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)

Chemical Formula

Short hand way of showing what elements are in a compound and how many atoms of each are present
EX: CO₂ = 1 Carbon atom joined w/ 2 Oxygen atoms

Phases

Part of matter that looks uniform

Extensive Properties

Depend on the amount of matter present
If you have more of the substance, the property changes
EX:

Mass: Small piece of gold weighs less than a big block of gold
Volume: Glass of water takes less space than a bucket of water

Intensive Properties

Does not depend on the same amount of matter
Stays the same no matter how much
EX:

Color: Gold is yellow whether you have a tiny or big piece
Density: Water always has a density of abt 1 g/mL. whether its a drop or whole jug
Melting Point: Ice melts at 0 C no matter how much ice you have