PSG: 0.1 investigative design

reliability

define: consistency of a measure (its ability to measure the same event in thesame way on different occasions) application: GOOD > results are counted and timed > measureis standardised > indicating measure is consistent BAD > experiment affected by extraneous variables (variable mentioned has to actually relate and affect the experiment) > affects results

validity

define: accuracy of a measure (whether something actually measures what it is meant to measure application: 1. tools (e.g. type of test) > proper/correct tool? 2. sample of participants > sample size & composition is good/bad representation ? > affects accuracy > affects validity 3. social desirability bias = for others to view them positively

standard deviation

define: the average dispersion ofscores around the mean value application: low standard deviation value > scores are clustered/lessdispersed around the mean value and are more similar to one another > easier to predict scores

content analysis

1. Familiarise > read and re-read

2. Perform coding > group similar responses together into categories

3. Assign themes > by labelling each of the categories

4. Create a Table > with examples of each themes 5. Determine Frequencies > counting the no. of responses for each theme

SHE concepts

1. communication & collaboration: - talking between researchers, must state the number of authors!!, and researchers with study participants? - Dissemination of results, shared with a wider audience? (more comms) - different institutions working together? (more collab) 2. a) development: - state new findings > how did society contribute to this research? b) application: - can use, impose, implement research to improve something > what is the goal of implementing this? 3. influence: effect on individuals, economy, relationships, other sectors, etc? - advantages - disadvantages

Ethics in Research

V.I.C.A.R.D 1. Informed consent > - must inform who, what, where, when, for how long & then - must consent only after being granted special consent(from parent/guardian) for vulnerable groups:very young, teenagers under 16(age of responsibility), elderly, mentally disabled or mentally ill > why? they may not think clearly and cannot make informed decisions for themselves and cannot understand when certain things may disadvantage them*IN EXAMS: always look at participants!! —> must always get special consent from parent/guardian on TOP of the consent of the participantHOWEVER,deception followed by debriefing (withholding information)when they do not inform participants what the actual purpose of the study to try and prevent the experiment from being affected (behaviour being influenced)you must do a debriefing stating that they did infact lie. or else may sue…… 2. Voluntary participation: no coercion by use of authority/force or excessive money (it is okay to compensate participants with money BUT this makes participants do it for the money)use anonymous responses if the researcher is your teacher or your employer 3. Confidentiality/Anonymity: no personal information released without written consentconfidentiality: whatever data collected must be protectedanonymity: protect identity of participant 4. Right to withdrawat any time, without explanation(Stanford Prison Experiment)http://www.prisonexp.org/ 5. Accurate reporting of research - researcher’s responsibilityresearcher has a duty to publish results as it isunethical to fabricate data, misrepresent results or plagiarise the work of others 6. Do no harmavoid harming research participants

How to run an experimental procedure?

1. highlight IV & DV 2. employees will be randomly recruited for the research. This is to prevent bias in the results. 3. A briefing of the research will be conducted and consent forms will be given for the employees to sign. 4. Next, the employees will be randomly allocated into 2 groups . The experimental group will be the group assigned the new company policy of rewarding employees for every goal achieved, whereas the control group will experience the company's existing policy. 5. The participants should be placed in the most similar situations possible, such as running this experiment for both groups at the same time of day. 6. After that results, counted/weighed to determine the amount. (If just using questionnaire = each participant will be given a questionnaire to answer to determine the…..) 5. Lastly, the mean scores of both groups will be calculated and compared to see whether the new company policy improved the mining performance of the employees.