warm up #3

Macromolecule

Large molecules important to biophysical processes

What are the main macromolecules

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid

What are monomers

Subunits of polymers

Protein monomer

Amino acids

Lipids monomer

Fatty acids and glycerol

Carbohydrates monomer

Sugar residue

Nucleic acid monomer

Nucleotides

Types of nucleic acid

DNA, RNA, ATP

Dehydration synthesis

Removing water to form bonds

Hydrolysis

Adding water to break bonds

Characteristics of carbohydrates

Energy source, water soluble

Types of carbohydrates

Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) 2

Oligosaccharides (raffinose) 3-10

Polysaccharides (cellulose, starch) 10+

What bonds do carb monomers form

Glycosidic

Lipid types

Triglycerides (oils, fats)

Steroids

Waxes

Phospholipids

Saturated fats

Solid, more hydrogen

Unsaturated fats

Liquid, less hydrogen

Phospholipids

Polar head, nonpolar tail

Lipid characteristics

Nonpolar, hydrophobic

Lipid’s monomer's bond

Esterlink

Nucleic acid's monomer's bond

Phosphodiester bond

Protein's monomer's bond

Peptide bond

Protein composition

Amino group, carboxylic acid group, variable

Protein functions

Animal structure, eyesight, movement

Protein primary structure

Amino acids

Protein secondary structure

Hydrogen bonding (alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet)

Protein tertiary structure

Properties of r-groups, folding

Protein quartenary structure

How everything combines

What is an enzyme

Type of protein that helps speed up reactions (catalyst)

What is a catalyst

Decreases activation energy

Enzyme specificity

Specifically shaped active site that limits the amount of things that can bind there

Catabolic

Breaking things down

Anabolic

Forming things

What are cofactors and coenzymes

Sit in active site and help the substate and enzyme bind

Cofactors

Inorganic and permanent

Coenzyme

Organic and temporary

Inhibitors

Interfere with normal functioning of enzymes

Competitive inhibitors

Sit in the active site

Non competitive inhibitors

Sit in allosteric site

Enzyme denaturation

Occurs when the enzyme isn't in ideal conditions, shape changes