Roaring 20's terms

– A major cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, where African American writers, artists, musicians, and thinkers celebrated Black culture and challenged racial discrimination.

Harlem Renaissance

– A period of fear in the United States after World War I when many Americans believed communism threatened the country. This led to arrests, deportations, and suspicion of immigrants and political activists.

Red Scare

– A major government corruption scandal during President Harding's administration in which officials accepted bribes from oil companies in exchange for access to government oil reserves.

Teapot Dome Scandal

– A famous African American poet, writer, and leader of the Harlem Renaissance whose works focused on Black life, culture, and the struggle for equality.

Langston Hughes

– The defense attorney in the Scopes Trial who argued for the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Clarence Darrow

– The prosecutor in the Scopes Trial who supported creationism and opposed the teaching of evolution.

William Jennings Bryan

– People in the 1920s who embraced new ideas, technologies, and social changes, believing traditional values often limited personal freedom.

Modernists

– A discredited movement that claimed society could be improved by encouraging certain groups to have children while discouraging others. It was often based on racist and discriminatory beliefs.

Eugenics

– Young women of the 1920s who challenged traditional gender roles through their fashion, behavior, and increased independence.

Flappers

– A Black nationalist leader who promoted racial pride, economic independence, and the “Back to Africa” movement.

Marcus Garvey

– President of the United States from 1921–1923 who promised a “Return to Normalcy” after World War I, focusing on economic growth and less involvement in foreign affairs.

Warren G. Harding

– A federal law passed during World War I that made spying and actions considered harmful to the war effort illegal. It was later used against some political radicals.

Espionage Act

– A controversial court case involving two Italian immigrants convicted of robbery and murder. Many people believed prejudice against immigrants influenced the verdict.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

– The process of reducing military forces after a war. After World War I, many returning soldiers struggled to find jobs.

Demobilization

– A nurse and activist who advocated for birth control and helped create organizations that later became Planned Parenthood.

Margaret Sanger

– Government raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer that targeted suspected radicals and immigrants during the Red Scare.

Palmer Raids

– An immigration law that set quotas limiting the number of immigrants allowed into the United States, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe.

National Origins Act

– An organization founded in 1920 to protect constitutional rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and due process.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

– President after Harding's death who supported limited government involvement in business and favored laissez-faire economic policies.

Calvin Coolidge

– President elected in 1928 who supported business growth and was in office when the Great Depression began in 1929.

Herbert Hoover

– An international agreement in which nations promised not to use war to settle disputes, although it had little success in preventing future conflicts.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

– A U.S.-backed plan that provided loans to Germany so it could pay World War I reparations and stabilize the European economy.

Dawes Plan

– A famous Chicago gangster who made millions through illegal alcohol sales during Prohibition and was eventually convicted of tax evasion.

Al Capone

– The changing social values of the 1920s that emphasized personal freedom, entertainment, and individual choice over traditional expectations.

New Morality

– A famous 1925 court case that debated whether evolution could be taught in public schools, highlighting tensions between science and religion.

Scopes Trial

– An organization that educated citizens about elections and public issues after women gained the right to vote.

League of Women Voters

– A proposed constitutional amendment introduced in 1923 to guarantee equal legal rights for women, which has never been fully ratified.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

– The constitutional amendment that repealed Prohibition by overturning the 18th Amendment in 1933.

21st Amendment

– A group of writers, including Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, who expressed disappointment with society and traditional values after World War I.

Lost Generation

– The law that enforced Prohibition by banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act

– People who believed in preserving long-standing cultural, moral, and religious values and saw them as important for maintaining social stability.

Traditionalists