chp. 5-9

Ingredients of the Industrial Boom

Factors that helped U.S. industry grow, including natural resources, new technology, railroads, workers, and investment.

Early Factory Working Conditions

Factories often had long hours, low pay, unsafe conditions, and child labor.

Weakness of Early Unions

Early unions struggled because employers opposed them, workers could be replaced, and unions often had limited money and power.

Mollie Maguires

Secret organization of Irish-American coal miners accused of violence during labor conflicts in Pennsylvania.

Knights of Labor

Labor union that included many types of workers and wanted better working conditions and an eight-hour workday.

Terence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor who promoted workers' rights and labor reform.

AFL

American Federation of Labor; union that focused mainly on skilled workers and better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Samuel Gompers

Founder and longtime leader of the AFL who focused on practical improvements like higher wages and shorter hours.

1877 Railroad Strike

Major nationwide railroad strike caused by wage cuts; violence occurred and federal troops were used to stop it.

Haymarket Bombing

1886 labor protest in Chicago where a bomb exploded, leading to violence and damage to the labor movement's reputation.

Homestead Steel Strike

1892 strike at Carnegie's steel plant over wages and working conditions; workers were defeated.

Pullman Railcar Strike

1894 railroad strike after Pullman workers' wages were cut while rents remained high; federal troops ended the strike.

Ethnic Communities in Cities

Immigrants often lived near people from the same country and built neighborhoods with their own languages, businesses, churches, and traditions.

Nativism

Belief that native-born Americans should receive more rights or opportunities than immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that restricted Chinese immigration to the United States.

Dangers of the City

Cities had overcrowding, pollution, disease, crime, fires, and unsafe housing.

Advantages of the City

Cities provided jobs, businesses, entertainment, transportation, education, and other opportunities.

Salvation Army

Religious organization that provided food, shelter, and other help to poor and homeless people.

National Consumers' League

Organization that worked to improve working conditions and encouraged consumers to support better labor practices.

Department Stores

Large stores selling many different types of products in one place; became popular with growing city populations.

The Grange

Organization of farmers that promoted cooperation and worked to improve farmers' economic conditions.

Farmer's Alliance

Organization that united farmers to address low crop prices, debt, and railroad costs.

Co-ops

Businesses owned and operated by members, allowing farmers to buy supplies or sell crops together.

Granger Laws

State laws regulating railroad and grain elevator prices to protect farmers.

"Alliance Democrats"

Democrats who supported some Farmers' Alliance ideas and wanted government help for farmers.

Mary E. Lease

Populist speaker who encouraged farmers to organize and fight against economic problems.

Populist Party

Political party created by farmers and reformers that wanted economic and political reforms.

Election of 1892

Election where Populist candidate James B. Weaver ran for president while Republicans and Democrats competed for control.

Republican/Democratic Opposition

Major parties generally opposed the Populists and their more extensive economic reforms.

Populist Goals

Wanted reforms such as free silver, government regulation of railroads, a graduated income tax, and political reforms.

Leonidas Polk

Leader of the Farmers' Alliance who became an important figure in the Populist movement.

Jim Crow Era

Period when Southern states enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the idea of "separate but equal."

Voting Restriction Laws

Laws such as poll taxes and literacy tests used to prevent many African Americans from voting.

Lynchings

Illegal killings, often by mobs, used to terrorize African Americans and enforce white supremacy.

Ida B. Wells

Journalist and activist who fought against lynching and racial violence.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader who emphasized education, job skills, and economic advancement.

Atlanta Compromise

Speech/agreement associated with Booker T. Washington encouraging Black economic advancement while temporarily accepting segregation.

Alex Manly

African American newspaper editor who criticized lynching and white supremacy; his writings contributed to tensions before the Wilmington Riot.

Wilmington Riot

1898 violent overthrow of Wilmington, North Carolina's elected local government by white supremacists.

Robert Charles

African American man whose confrontation with police in New Orleans in 1900 led to a violent racial conflict and massacre

Robert Peary & Matthew Henson

American explorers who claimed to reach the North Pole in 1909. Peary led the expedition, while Henson played an important role in helping them reach their destination.

The Show Window

A magazine created by L. Frank Baum in 1897 that taught stores how to decorate display windows to attract customers and encourage shopping.

Henry Ford

American businessman who made cars more affordable through mass production. He created the Model T and used the assembly line to build cars faster.

Wilbur & Orville Wright

Brothers who achieved the first successful powered airplane flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Their work helped begin modern aviation.

L. Frank Baum

American author best known for writing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). He also created The Show Window magazine.

Hawaii Annexation

The United States took control of Hawaii in 1898. Hawaii was valuable because of its sugar industry and strategic location in the Pacific Ocean.

Samuel P. Langley

Scientist who experimented with flying machines before the Wright Brothers. His attempts at powered flight in 1903 were unsuccessful, but his research contributed to early aviation.

Joshua Slocum

Sailor who became the first person to sail alone around the world. He completed his journey in 1898 aboard his boat, the Spray.

Motives for American Expansion

Reasons the United States wanted to expand its power and influence, including gaining new markets, accessing resources, building military bases, and increasing national influence.

White Man's Burden

A belief used to justify imperialism by claiming that white Americans and Europeans had a duty to rule and "civilize" other peoples. It was based on racist ideas of white superiority.

Election of 1896

Presidential election in which Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan. A major issue was the gold standard versus free silver, reflecting disagreements about the nation's money supply and economy.