btec sport bones and joints

Appendicular skeleton

Function to move the axial Skeleton which are used for movements found in the limbs

Axial skeleton

Supports the body to maintain posture and protect organs

Kyphosis

Excessive curvature of the thoracic vertebrae caused by disease arthritis and slouching

Scoliosis

Excessive curvature of the spine from side to side

Lordosis

Excessive curvature of the lumbar vertebrae caused by obesity, spinal injury osteoporosis

Bone types and functions

Long - leverage blood cell production

Short - weight bearing

Flat - protection

Sesamoid - reduce friction

Irregular - individualised

Ossification

the process where cartilage is gradually replaced by bone, causing bones to grow and become stronger

bone remodelling

Weight bearing exercises cause microfractures on the surface of the bone

Osteoclasts arrive on the bone

Osteoclasts produce an acidic environment on lining of the bone

Break out the old bone causes a pit on the bone

Osteoclasts die

Osteoblasts fill in the pit

Osteoblasts line the cavity and produce a matrix which is mineralised

Filled with calcium and phosphorus

osteoblasts become part of lining

Support and protection

To support framework and to protect vital organs

Leverage and attachment

Bones provide connection points for muscles to act as a levers

Weight bearing

Able to beat a lot of weight and structural strength to carry all tissues

Store of minerals

Store of minerals used for regrowth of bones

Blood cell production

Blood cell production in the medullary cavity controlled by hormone

Reduce friction

Synovial fluid creeps into joint capsule to reduce friction so less wear and tear

Fibrous joints (not movable)

Fibrous joints are held together by only a ligament

Cartilaginous joint (slightly moveable)

Connection between the joint bones is made up of cartilage

(Between each veterbrae)

Synovial joint (moveable)

Synovial capsule, synovial membrane, bursa

(Carpals and knee joint)

Structure of synovial joint

Bursa

Fluid filled sac that reduces friction in the knee

Ligament

Tissue that connects bone to bone

Synovial cavity

Gap between bones in a synovial joint that contains synovial fluid

Articular cartilage

Smooth layer of cartilage to absorb shock at the ends of bones

Synovial membrane

Thin membrane lining inside of the joint capsule produces synovial fluid

Joint capsule

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds and encloses the joint

Types of synovial joints

Hinge joint - knee

Ball and socket - hip , shoulder

Pivot joint - head/neck

condyloid joint - phalnges

Saddle joint - thumbs

Gliding joint - carpals

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upwards or forwards

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downwards or backwards

Dorsi flexion

Movement at the ankle joint where the toes are lifted towards the tibia

Plantar flexion

Movement at the ankle joint where the foot points downwards

Inversion

Movement at the ankle where the sole of the foot turns inward

Eversion

Movement at the ankle where the sole of the foot outward

Flexion

Joint angle decreases

(Bicep curl)

Extension

Joint angle increases

(Kicking a football)

Abduction

Movement away from midline

(Lateral raises)

Adduction

Movement towards midline

(Star jumps)

Rotation

Pivot around a fixed long axis lateral rotation away from the body (head rotating)

Circumduction

Distal ends of limbs draws/describes a circle

(Cricket bowl)

Responses

Responses are immediate effects when you are exercising

Adaptations

Adaptations are long term effects (regularly trained to the body

Responses of bones

Bones stimulates increase of mineral uptake

Stimulates production of collagen due to increased stress causes microfractures

Responses of joints

Increases range of motion

Increase synovial fluid

Reduction in viscosity of synovial fluid

Increased pliability of the ligaments

Adaptations

Increased bone density and strength

Less prone to fractures and breaks

Increased ligaments strength

Increased thickness of articular cartilage

Osteoarthritis

Inflammation within joint causes pain and stiffness

Reduces amount of cartilage tissue

General wear and tear over time

Lack of mobility at the joint

Bones rub against each other

Osteoporosis

Reduction in bones density caused by lack of calcium vitamin D and sedentary lifestyle

Reduction in bone mass makes bones more brittle