Upper and lower limb joints

what kind of joint (based on movement) is the glenohumeral goint?

ball and socket joint which is multiaxial

what do you sacrifice for movement in glenohumeral joint compared to hip joint?

sacrifice stability bc head of humerus is larger than glenoid fossa

what is/does the glenoid labrum do in the glenohumeral joint?

glenoid labrum is ring of fibrocartilage that expands joint surface beyond bony surface but NOT ARTICULAR DISK

what does the long head of biceps brachii tendon do to glenohumeral joint?

tendon passes through glenohumeral joint which offers stabillity to joint itself especially when ADDUCTED

what are the rotator cuff muscles which also provide stability to glenohumeral joint?

rotator cuff muscles include supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

all these give a lot of stability and coverage to this joint (in different directions)

what do bursae throughout the glenohumeral joint do?

protects suprasinatus tendoon and others from bone so prevents friction

what directions do the rotator cuff muscles provide coverage for on the glenohumeral joint?

anterior = subscapularis

superior = supraspinatus

posterior = infraspinatus and teres minor

what direction in the glenohumeral joint is weakest due to no muscle coverage?

no rotator cuff coverage INFERIORLY so least stable in this direction

what does the redundant capsule do in the GH joint?

allows good range of motion (adducting over head allowed)

but further contributes to instability inferiorly tho

what happens to humeral head in an anterior dislocation?

there is lots of space underneath acromion so humeral head moves anteriorly and down

what kind of joint is the elbow joint?

hinge joint that only has uniaxial motion

what motions does elbow joint allow?

flexion and extension

what joint does pronation and supination occur at?

radioulnar joint

what are the different ligaments of the elbow joint?

annular ligament, radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

what does the annular ligament do in the elbow joint?

is a ring shaped ligament that holds head of radius in radial notch of ulna

what do the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments do in the elbow joint?

they are extracapsular joints that reinforce sides of elbow joint and further ensure that only allowable movement is flexion and extension

what elbow joint ligament needs replaced in tommy john surgery?

ulnar collateral ligament

what makes up the hip joint?

head of femur and acetabulum of pelvis

what does the acetabular labrum do in hip joint?

is a fibrous ring that increases joint surface

what does ligament of head of the femur called the capitis femoris ligament do and where located in hip joint?

gets artery to end of femur for blood supplies more than stability.

located from inferior acetabulum to head of femur

what are the three ligaments surrounding the joint capsule in the hip joint?

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral ligaments

what do the ilio, pubo, and ischiofemoral ligaments do?

twist to “screw” in head of femur when hips are estend (standing)

adds stability by doing this

what kind of joint is the knee joint?

a modified hinge joint

what movement does knee joint allow?

flexion and extension and some medial/lateral rotation too

what parts make up articular surface of knee joint?

femoral condyles and tibial condyles

what does the patella do in knee joint?

offers bony protection anteriorly

what do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments do in the knee joint?

reinforce joint on either side

what does the patellar ligament and patellar retinacula do?

protects knee joint anteriorly

what are/do medial and lateral menisci do in knee joint?

are crescent shaped pieces of fibrocartilage which increase joint articulation at knee and absorb shock

wher is the medial collateral ligament (MCL) attached?

attached to medial meniscus BUT LCL NOT attached to lateral meniscus

what are the cruciate ligaments in knee joint?

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

where is the ACL located?

think APEX: goes from Anterior tibia to Posterior femur, moving EXternally (laterally)

so passes within synovial joint

what does the ACL do?

prevents anterior displacemtn of condyles and limits HYPEREXTENSION

where is the PCL located?

think PAIN: goes from Posterior tibia to Anterior femur, moving INternally (medially)

what does the PCL do?

prevents posterior displacement of condyles and limits HYPERFLEXION

what else do the cruciate ligaments do in knee joint?

help lock knee joint when fully extend by twisting slightly agianst each other so femur slightly turns medially on tibia which crosses ligaments and further stabilizes joint

what is the drawer text?

way to test for anterior/posterior cruciate tear

what tears in the unhappy triad?

tears ACL, medial meniscus, and medial (tibial) collateral ligament

• MCL and medial meniscus connected

what ligament not torn in unhappy triad?

LCL is compressed but not torn

how does unhappy triad happen?

lateral blow to extended knee joint where ACL is taut and in extension