Chapter 2 MGM

What does the term organization mean?

An organization is a systematic arrangement of people to accomplish a specific purpose, requiring people (managers and workers), structure (framework), and purpose (mission, philosophy, or goals)

How is management defined?

Management is planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the use of resources to achieve objectives, with managers overseeing and directing work, and workers performing the work or producing the product

What are the elements of organizational structure?

Hierarchy, span of control, line/staff relationships, centralization/decentralization, departmentalization

What is hierarchy in an organization?

Vertical reporting relationships, a chain-of-command related to authority and power, with line managers reporting up and down

Who are line managers?

Managers whose reporting relationships are up and down, overseeing and directing the work of others

What are the levels of managers?

Top-level managers (directing large segments), middle managers (report to upper managers and supervise frontline managers), frontline managers (directly supervise workers)

What is span of control?

The measure of influence of a manager, often the number of individuals reporting directly to that manager; recent trends show larger spans of control leading to flatter organizations

What is a flattened organization?

An organization with fewer levels of management due to larger spans of control

What are line/staff relationships?

Some managers do not have vertical reporting relationships but manage support departments, called staff managers

What is centralization in an organization?

The concentration of decision-making authority at upper levels

What is decentralization?

The ability for lower-level individuals to make decisions relevant to their responsibilities

What is departmentalization?

The grouping of work within an organization based on product, function, clients, location, or work process, which can lead to coordination problems or competition

What is contract management in foodservices?

When managers report to both the contracting facility and the management company, often using a matrix management model

What is an organization chart?

A graphic representation of an organization's structure showing hierarchy, relationships, levels, departmentalization, and span of control

Why might an organization have multiple charts?

Because large or complex organizations may require several charts for different departments or the overall structure

What are some things not apparent from an organization chart?

Non-vertical work by managers, centralization of decision making, division of labor and specific tasks

What is an organizational mission?

A statement of philosophy or purpose that drives the organization, also called philosophy, vision, statement of purpose, or values

What is organizational culture?

The "personality" of an organization, influenced by factors like shared assumptions, size, teamwork, risk-taking, leadership style, and internal congruity

What are inputs in an organizational system?

Resources brought into the organization to accomplish its purpose

What is transformation in an organizational system?

The process that changes inputs into outputs

What are outputs (or outcomes)?

The results of the transformation process, providing feedback and influencing future transformations

What external factors influence the organizational system?

Laws, regulations, social and economic factors, health departments, and accrediting agencies

What are the three management skills every manager needs?

Technical skills, human skills, conceptual skills

What are technical skills?

Skills related to the production of the work within the organization, more critical for frontline managers

What are human skills?

Personal attributes, knowledge, and behaviors that enable effective work with others, essential at all management levels

What are conceptual skills?

Skills related to working with ideas and concepts, most needed by top-level managers and less at lower levels

What are the four main management functions?

Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling

What is involved in planning?

Developing a mission, setting goals, outlining steps to meet those goals, including short-term, long-term, and strategic plans

What does organizing involve?

Establishing systematic methods for staffing, work processes, workflow, equipment, production schedules, policies, and procedures

What are policies and procedures (P&Ps)?

Formal guidelines that include policy statements, purpose, scope, and specific procedures

Give an example of a policy and procedure.

Handwashing policy: all workers follow proper handwashing procedures; Procedure: steps for washing hands properly

What is leading in management?

Directing, motivating, and coordinating staff and activities

What is controlling in management?

Inspecting work to ensure standards and plans are met, "inspect what you expect," using outcome criteria

What are outcome criteria?

Measures of performance including effective (doing the right thing), efficient (doing it in the right way), appropriate (fit for circumstances), and adequate (sufficient amount)

What are the three types of management roles?

Interpersonal (working with others), informational (processing and sharing data), decisional (making impactful decisions)

What are the key conclusions about organizational structure?

It is characterized by hierarchy, span of control, line/staff relationships, centralization, and departmentalization; purpose is reflected in mission and culture; viewed as a system transforming inputs into outputs

What skills do managers need?

Technical, human, and conceptual, with different levels requiring different amounts

What are the main functions of managers?

Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling

What criteria are used to measure management outcomes?

Efficiency, effectiveness, appropriateness, and adequacy

What are the three roles of managers?

Interpersonal, informational, and decisional