China AS level history

Problems during warlord era

-political division

-instability

-self-interest

-economic stagnation

-social repression

-insignificant attemps at social reforms

-peasants and people suffered more than under a monarchy

some positives during warlord era

• industry development programme to prevent Manchuria takeover

• industry training schemes

may the fourth motives

• warlords

• refusal to modernize traditional values

• Japan took over German concessions in Shandong

• failure to stand up against versailles

• gov. failure to embrace democracy and industrialisation

immediate consequences of may the fourth

• jailed students released

• ministers who signed 21 demands fired

• chinese delegation is Paris refused to sign Treaty of Verailles

long-term consequences of May the fourth

• radical thinkers turned to revolutionary theory

• sense if revolutionary direction

• doubt in republican gov.

Why people lost support for KMT (1)

• inefficient and corrupt

• no land redistribution

• brutal conscription

why did the northern march succeed

• Superior military training and soviet aid

• effective CCP propaganda and mass mobilisation

• divide-and-conquer strategy

• KMT more organised than warlords

• soviet military advisors

• modern weapons from USSR and Germany

• tired if violent warlords

• Many joined NRA as it advanced

Sun Yat-sen’s 3 principles

• nationalism

• democracy

• people's livelihood

Why did the KMT grow

• USSR giving advice and assistance

• soviet advisors-more efficient structure

• development of a party army

• Whampoa Military Academy led by Chiang Kai-Shek

Growth of KMT support (2)

• 3 principles gave direction

• empowered to introduce standard of living improving changes

• faith in efficient army

• 3 principles aligned with may the fourth goals

• CCP collab gained peasant and factory worker support

• Hope to end warlord era

Consequences of Shanghai Massacre

• Failed to crush communists- started long term left vs right power struggle

• intensified KMT split

• Stalin convinced CCP to ditch united front and start new Red Army (weak wnd easily crushed)

• KMT broke off relations with USSR (no soviet aid could reach CCP)

The long March

• 9700km

• 368 days

• split into smaller groups

• 8 points of attention

• 20 000 survivors reached Yunan base

Further threats to Chuang Kai-Sheks control

• 1931 Japan invades Manchuria (policy of no resistance)

• 9 Dec movement (student protests against Japanese army presence)

• Mutiny at Xi’an (Chiang forced to pledge war against Japan and form new united front)

Successes of Nanking Decade

• Crop diversity

• central bank if china

• standardises currency values

• some regions invested heavily in infrastructure

• New life movement

• womens rights laws and campaigns

• imporoved communications (rural reconstruction movement)

• 6 year opium supression campaign

failures and weaknesses of Nanking decade

• political freedon diminished — one-party domination

• gov. lacked resources, authority, and will to achieve significant economic reforms

• focus on protecting interests of the wealthy

• peasant hardships and draughts

• refused to impose western taxation system

• 47% revenue to military, foreign weapon purchases, and paying off warlord allies

• corruption

• nationalists encouraged opium trade

Mao Zedong and the success of the CCP

• long march raised Mao Zedong’s profile-courageous

• establishment of Yunan Soviet

• 8 points gained peasants support

• hillside caves better conditions than rural housing

• peasants enjoyed confidence in the Long march not being in vain

Mao’s Political ideas

• a chinese revolution would come from peasants

• Land redistribution

• the rectification campaign

Consequences of the rectification campaign

• mao consolodated his leadership

• triumph over pro-moscow CCP wing

• move towards cult status in Yunan

• Chinese communism became Maoism

How did the 1937 Sino-Japanese war benefit the CCP?

• KMT forces focus off of communism

• propaganda (heroes fighting against Japan)

• East China (KMT) forces crushed quickly

• KMT caused devastation by destroying river dykes

• CCP army of almost one million

• recognised as strong by USSR and USA