RPH

midterm

The Treaty of Paris, signed on 10 December 1898

 transferred ownership of the Philippines from Spain to the United States at the cost of 20 million dollars.

Jones Law, or the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916,

stipulated independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established. It declared the purpose of the United States to end its sovereignty over the country.

Tydings-Mcduffie Act, or the Philippine Independence Act,

defined the establishment of a formal Philippine constitution by a constitutional convention.

July 4 1964

united states granted Philippines its independence but on certain conditions

• philippine american friendship daw

benevolent assimilation

which meant that the US domination was all for civilizing the Filipinos. The mission was considered "the white man's burden."

Thomasites

first 600 american teachers would teach young filipino english language and with it the american culture

Mutual Defense Treaty

was a treaty made in 1951, indicating support for each other in case the United States or the Philippines was attacked by an external party.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

deployed a psychological warfare in which the Huk rebels were made to believe that an aswang was hunting them (Derain, 2017)

Post-US bases era

• Filipino-American relations mainly focus on economic and commercial ties, for a time.

• In 1996, President Fidel Ramos declared 4 July as the Philippine-American Friendship Day.

Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA)

is a new agreement between the two countries to resume their bilateral military exercises and enhance defense cooperation. The US conducted ship visits to Philippine ports, and combined military exercises with the Philippine military. VFA remains in place until both parties agree to terminate it.

EDCA aims

• promote peace and security in the region by reaffirming the relationship between the US and the Philippines;

• improve inter-operability of the two country's armed forces; promote the country's long-term modernization;

• maintain maritime security; and strengthen humanitarian assistance in response to natural disasters.

Enhanced Defence Cooperation Agreement (EDCA)

president benigno aquino III signed with US president Barrack Obama

balangiga bells

presidents rodrigo dutere demanded for returned after 117 years and finally returned on December 15 2018

Moros

comes from the Spanish word Moors, which used to be a pejorative term for Muslims. It has since been reappropriated to denote Filipino Muslims.

Bangsamoro

is a portmanteau of bangsa ("nation," or bansa) and Moro.

Tri people of Mindanao

• The settlers 

• The moros (or the bangsamoros)

• The lumad
  
  

Mindanao

large island south of the philippines

sulu archipelago

 is a cluster of 500 islands between Sulu and Celebes Sea

Tarsilas

are written accounts of a family's lineage that traces their religious origins.

Sharif Kabungsuwan

Islam arrived in the Philippines in the middle of the fourteenth century

Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MNLF)

led by Nur Misuari in 1969

• began the armed campaign for a separate Islamic state in the country, or a Bangsa Moro Republic (Moro National Republic).

1976

Mindanao would still be a part of the Philippines, but 13 of its provinces would be under the autonomous government of the Bangsamoro People. 

History

 is the analysis of the human experience as defined in the recorded records left behind by humans. The past, with all its difficult decisions and incidents, witnesses dead and memory revealed, is what the rest of the population uses as the timeless foundation on which explorers and archaeologists serve.

Why history is important

• History Helps Us Understand People and Societies and

• History Helps Us Understand Change and How the Society We Live in Came to Be

Historians

devote their careers to studying notable past events

• collect and evaluate information from many primary sources to answer questions about historical events, a process known as the historical method.

• They may analyze written records, physical artifacts, and other types of evidence during the course of their investigations.

• often prepare reports to explain the significance of their findings, connecting the relevance and value of new discoveries to modern society.

Historiography

The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that process (the writing of history) (study of past event)

• It deals with the study of history itself

traditional historians

• believed that historical events should be backed up with written documents. Thus, an event that lacks existing documents cannot be proven as a historical fact.

• Considering only the written documents as evidence for historical facts is restricting and discriminating against the social classes that may be able to record their own experience.

two source of history

• primary source

• secondary source

Primary sources

include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant in an event. They can be firsthand testimony or evidence created during the time period that you are studying.

secondary sources

• may include diaries, letters, interviews, oral histories, photographs, newspaper articles, government documents, poems, novels, plays, and music. The collection and analysis of primary sources is central to historical research.

Antonio Pigafetta

was an Italian scholar and explorer who joined Ferdinand Magellan in exploring a westward route to the Spice Islands and chronicled the first circumnavigation of the world.

• Born: Circa 1498 to a Patrician family in Vicenza, Italy

• He learned that King Charles I was sponsoring an expedition to reach the East Indies by sailing west, and will be commanded by Ferdinand Magellan.

• He served the captain, Magellan, as log-keeper and amanuensis - an artistic assistant.

• After the death of Magellan, he went back to Italy to continue writing

Internal criticism (positive criticism)

• Attempt of researcher to restore the meaning of the text 

• Meaning of the text rather than the external elements of the document 

• Literal meanings are the immediate meanings of a document and often fool the immature leader 

External criticism (lower criticism)

• Determine the validity of a documents, particularly a documents with some sort of historical significance 

• It is the first of two stages of inquiry for it is followed by internal criticism. It ventures towards inquiry regarding (a) authorship; (b) originality and accuracy of copy; and (c) if errors are found it helps assess the nature of errors found, i.e., if they are scribal errors or other kinds of errors.

• helps the researcher and exegete to assess the author's name, affiliation, i.e., religious group, political party, ethnicity, etc.

Paleography

helps assess the quality of ink in the document and places such within a particular time frame

Philippine Repositories of Historical record

• National Archives of the Philippines

• National Library of the Philippines

• National Museum

• National Historical commission of the philippines

National Archives of the Philippines

is an agency of the Republic of the Philippines mandated to collect, store, preserve and make available archival records of the Government and other primary sources pertaining to the history and development of the country.

National Library of the Philippines

is the official national library of the Philippines. The complex is located in Ermita on a portion of Rizal Park facing T. M. Kalaw Avenue, neighboring culturally significant buildings such as the Museum of Philippine Political History and the National Historical Commission.

National Museum

a Trust of the Government, is an educational, scientific and cultural institution that acquires, documents, preserves, exhibits, and fosters scholarly study and public appreciation of works of art, specimens, and cultural and historical artifacts representative of our unique to the cultural heritage of the Filipino people and the natural history of the Philippines.

National Historical Commission of the Philippines

is a government agency of the Philippines. Its mission is "the promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage through research, dissemination, conservation, sites management and heraldry works."

Beyer’s “Migration Theory” and Jacano’ “Evolution Theory”

Two theories where the first filipinos came from:

Henry Otley Beyer

believes that Filipinos descended from different groups that came from Southeast Asia in successive waves of migration. Each group had a distinct culture, with it's own customs and traditions.

Dawnmen

First migratns (according to beyers) (or "cavemen" because they lived in caves.).

• They did not have any knowledge of agriculture, and lived by hunting and fishing. It was precisely in search of food that they came to the Philippines by way of the land bridges that connected the Philippines and Indonesia. Owing perhaps to their migratory nature, they eventually left the Philippines for destinations unknown.

Aetas or Negritos

Second migratns (according to beyers) dark skinned pygmies

• they crossed the land bridged from Malaya, Borneo, and Australia until they reached Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao. They were pygmies who went around practically naked and were good at hunting, fishing and food gathering. They used spears and small flint stones weapons.

indonesians

Third wave of migrants was skilled in seafaring,

• who came to the island in boats, they were more advanced than the Aetas in that: they had tools made out of stone and steel, which enabled them to build sturdier houses: they engaged in farming and mining, and used materials made of brass; they wore clothing and other body ornaments.

Malays

last to migrate, brown skinned and medium height with straight black hair believed from java, malay peninsula, sumatra they also traveled in boats

• Their technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors. They engaged in pottery, weaving, jewelry making and metal smelting, and introduced the irrigation system in rice planting.

Felipe Landa Jocano

believes that Asians, including Filipinos are the result of a lengthy process of evolution and migration.

According to Jocano

it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were the first inhabitants of this country. The only thing that can positively concluded from fossil evidence, he says is that the first men who came to the Philippines also went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia.

• First inhabitants of our island could not have come from the region 

• Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano advances the Evolution Theory, as a better explanation of how our country was first inhabited by human beings, Jocano believes that the first people of Southeast Asia were products of a long process of evolution and migration. His research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture, beliefs, practices an even similar tools and implements.

Tabos Caves

human origin of palawan by archelogist robert fox and manual santiago

Tabon Man

is said to resemble Java Man and Peking Man. He gathered fruits, leaves and plants for his food. He hunted with weapons made of stone. Although further research is still being done on his life and culture, evidence shows that he was already capable of using his brain in order to survive and keep himself safe.

76,504,077

philippine population according to 2000 census

chinese

Most significant foreign ethnic minority

• played an important role in commerce since 9th century when they first arrived in Philippines for trade

Mestizos

those of mixed race, form a tiny but economically and politically important minority.

Filipino

The most widely spoken language

• which is based on Tagalog, although thirteen regional languages are spoken as vernaculars throughout the Philippines.

englsh

serves as the primary lingua franca and as the language of commerce and the professions.

Christianity

the main religion in the archipelago, with Roman Catholicism making up the majority.

islam

small but significant minority profess, particularly in the southern philippines

ethic filipinos

Austronesian descent (8%) majority of the people in the Philippines migrated from Taiwan during the iron age

Largest filipino ethic groups

the tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Bicolano, Kapampangan, Maranao, Maguindanao, and Tausug. 

Aeta

the aborigines of the Philippines

• who are descended from Negritos of the Andaman Islands, now constitute only 0.003% of the entire population.

Religion

• 81.04% of all Filipinos are Roman Catholic 

• 5.06% adherents of islam in the Philippines 

• 2.82% born again Christian 

• 11.08% INC, aglipayan, mormon etc

Languages

• 172 native languages and dialects are spoken all belonging to the Austronesian 

• Tagalog, visayan widely spoken throughout the middle island

• English is the predominant non native language

Makhdum Karim

Islam was brought to the Sulu Archipelago in the 9th century

Cultural Heritage

"the totality of cultural property preserved and developed through time and passed on to posterity"

The World Heritage List includes six Philippines properties

1. Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park

2. Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras

3. Historic City of Vigan

4. Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park

5. Baroque Churches of the Philippines

6. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary

Tangible Heritage

Environment (natural landscapes and coastal and inland water sources) Flora and fauna Man-made structures

Intangible Heritage

Culture (traditions, customs, values, trades, and skills)

Article 1, Policies and Principles, Sec. 2 of the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009

declares that the State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino culture based on the principle and unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.

Pigafetta's chronicle

is one of the most important primary sources in the study of precolonial Philippines.

Lanrones Island

or also called “Island of the thieves” presently known as the Marianas Island

• magellan’s fleet reached

Francisco Albo

one of the pilots in Magellan's expedition, kept a logbook where he wrote that they erected a cross on a mountain that overlooked the islands in the west and the southwest.

Jaime de Veyra

stated that the first mass was held in Limasawa and not in Butuan.

Limawasa (mazaua original name)

an island municipality in Southern Leyte, is a small yet flourishing town being the site of the First Christian Mass in the country and in Asia

• Independent municipality June 11 1978 by virtue of presidential degree No. 1549. Limasawa officially became a municipality on August 27, 1989 

1872

A monument to commemorate the site of the first mass in the Philippines was erected in Butuan.

1953

The people in Butuan asked the Philippine Historical Committee to rehabilitate the monument and construct a place marker on the site.