3.7-2

What is Classical Conditioning?

A learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov wherein a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.

Who is John B. Watson?

An influential American psychologist known for establishing the psychological school of behaviorism, emphasizing that psychology should focus on observable and measurable behavior rather than mental processes.

What is Behaviorism?

A psychological approach that studies human and animal behavior through observable actions, emphasizing external stimuli and responses while largely ignoring internal thoughts and emotions.

What is considered Observable Behavior?

Actions or reactions that can be seen and recorded directly, which are the primary focus of behaviorist research.

What is Operant Conditioning?

Developed by B.F. Skinner, is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcement—a reward for a desired behavior—or punishment for undesired behavior, thereby influencing future actions.

What does Introspection mean?

The examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings is a method that John B. Watson dismissed as unscientific and unnecessary in the study of psychology.

What were Pavlov's Experiments about?

Groundbreaking studies in the early 1900s demonstrated classical conditioning, notably his work with dogs that learned to associate the sound of a bell with food.

How does Learning through Rewards and Punishments shape behavior?

A fundamental behaviorism concept that asserts behaviors are shaped and maintained by the consequences that follow them.

What is Adaptation to Environment in the context of classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning refers to the way organisms change their behavior in response to experiences, enhancing their chances of survival through learned associations.

What are Mentalistic Concepts?

Ideas related to internal cognitive processes, such as thoughts and consciousness, which behaviorists like Pavlov and Watson rejected as important in psychology.