Phil 110: Midterm Exam Study Guide

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards for the Phil 110 Midterm Exam Study Guide (Dr. Stuchlik), covering Logic, Socrates and His Trial, Personal Identity, and the Philosophy of God.

According to the Phil 110 study guide, a statement is defined as a sentence that is either __________.

true or false

Sentences such as questions, proposals, commands, and exclamations are not considered __________.

statements

An argument is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for another statement called the __________.

conclusion

The statements that set forth the reasons or evidence for thinking that the conclusion is true are called the __________.

premises

Words such as "therefore," "accordingly," "hence," "thus," and "it follows that" are common __________ indicator words.

conclusion

Statements that do not contain any other statements as components are known as __________ statements.

atomic

The logical connective that symbolizes the word "and" (and its synonyms) using an ampersand ($\&$) is called a __________.

conjunction

The wedge symbol ($\lor$) represents a disjunction, which captures the word "or" in its __________ sense ("and/or").

inclusive

In a conditional statement ($P \rightarrow Q$), the statement that immediately follows "if" is called the antecedent, and the statement that follows "then" is called the __________.

consequent

The expression "$P \text{ only if } Q$" is logically equivalent to "__________."

If $P$, then $Q$

An argument is deductively valid if and only if it is __________ for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

impossible

An argument is deductively sound if and only if it is deductively valid and __________.

all premises are true

The valid argument form with premises "$P \rightarrow Q$" and "$P$", leading to conclusion "$Q$", is called __________.

Modus Ponens

The valid argument form with premises "$P \rightarrow Q$" and "$\sim Q$", leading to conclusion "$\sim P$", is called __________.

Modus Tollens

The invalid argument form that has premises "$P \rightarrow Q$" and "$Q$", concluding with "$P$", is known as __________.

Affirming the Consequent

The invalid argument form that has premises "$P \rightarrow Q$" and "$\sim P$", concluding with "$\sim Q$", is known as __________.

Denying the Antecedent

The argument form with premises "$P \lor Q$" and "$\sim P$", concluding with "$Q$", is known as a __________.

Disjunctive Syllogism

A __________ argument establishes that a statement is true by showing that its negation leads to an absurdity or contradiction.

Reductio ad absurdum

An argument in which premises support the conclusion by demonstrating that hypothesis $Y$ is the best explanation of a phenomenon $X$ is called an __________ argument.

abductive

Socrates claimed to hear a divine voice or sign referred to as a __________.

daimonion

The Socratic method is also known as the method of __________, which means refutation.

elenchus

The final stage of the Socratic method leaves the interlocutor in a state of puzzlement known as __________.

aporia

In his mission in Athens, Socrates compared himself to a __________ stimulating a sluggish horse.

gadfly

While conventional Athenians believed the good life consisted of wealth, power, and reputation, Socrates argued that the good life is the life of __________.

virtue

In responding to the argument that he acted shamefully by risking death, Socrates pointed out that no one knows what lies after death and that it is not shameful to risk great evil to __________.

do the right thing

Socrates argued that death is a blessing because it is either the complete lack of perception or the __________ of the soul from here to another place.

relocation

The view that a person is an immaterial soul capable of existing independently of the physical body is known as __________.

Substance Dualism

According to the Somatic Theory, personal identity across time consists in having the same __________.

body

The Memory Theory identifies a person as a stream of consciousness unified by __________.

memory

Cohen proposed that a real memory differs from an apparent memory because a real memory is caused __________ by the past experience.

in the right way

Under the doctrine of hylomorphism, material substances are metaphysical compounds of matter and __________.

substantial form

A way of being that defines what a thing essentially is is called a substantial form, whereas a non-essential characteristic is called an __________ form.

accidental

Weirob argues against substance dualism by claiming that if it were true, all our beliefs about personal identity across time would be __________.

unreasonable

The Waking Up Argument attacks the Somatic Theory by noting that a person does not need to __________ to know who she is.

observe her body

The Duplication Argument challenges the Memory Theory by demonstrating that two distinct resulting persons, $Emma_B$ and $Emma_C$, cannot be logically __________.

identical

Believing that something is true simply because you want it to be true, rather than on the basis of evidence, is defined as __________.

wishful thinking

The philosophical view that science is our only way of knowing about the world is called __________.

Scientism

Scientism is self-defeating because Scientism itself is not a __________ theory.

scientific

The Causal Principle states that every __________ being has a cause that explains why it exists rather than not existing.

contingent

A being that exists and whose non-existence is absolutely impossible is called a __________ being.

necessary

In addressing the problem of evil, a __________ claims the explanatory story is literally true, whereas a defense claims the story might be true for all we know.

theodicy

Freud criticized religious belief by characterizing it as an illusion and a __________ measure that redresses suffering without removing its underlying causes.

palliative

The Cosmological Argument concludes that the world cannot be self-caused and must instead be caused to exist by a __________ being.

necessary

Paley's Design Argument asserts that the complexity and purposiveness of the parts of living things are best explained by being designed by __________.

God

The Cosmic Fine-Tuning Argument argues that the physical constants of the universe are fine-tuned to support __________.

life

The Problem of Evil questions how evil can coexist with a God who is omnibenevolent, omniscient, and __________.

omnipotent

The lecture notes and midterm exam study guide covering Logic, Socrates, Personal Identity, and Philosophy of God are from course Phil 110 taught by __________.

Dr. Stuchlik