Past Exam 2

While walking barefoot on a deck, a wood splinter entered the sole of your foot. What are all of the sequential layers of the epidermis in which the splinter would pass when it is being EXTRACTED from the skin (from deepest to superficial layers)?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

During bone development, ossification of the epiphysis:

is produced by secondary ossification centers

Select the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture from the choices below.

fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

You are a nurse assessing your current patient. You have a patient who is considered obese and you notice that they have a dark ring around their neck (hyperpigmentation around the neck region). What is this condition known as?

Acanthosis nigricans

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Provides movement under voluntary control)

Skeletal Muscle

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Shock absorber between vertebrae)

Fibrocartilage

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Reticular layer of the dermis)

dense irregular connective tissue

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Wraps and protects organs, and has many fibers running in different directions)

areolar connective tissue

Bone cells within lacunae connect to other bone cells receive nutrients from blood vessels through small passageways called:

canaliculi

The sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification are numbered below. Select the answer that puts the events in the correct order.

3,2,1,4

Hair shafts are composed of:

dead epidermal cells

Which vessel supplies blood and nutrients to the red bone marrow?

Nutrient Vessel

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Sends and receives electrical signals)

Neuron

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Cushions, insulates, and provides energy reserves)

Adipose tissue

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Strength with flexibility for tendons and ligaments).

dense regular connective tissue

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Cells are branched and striated with intercalated discs).

cardiac muscle

Match the following descriptions with the correct tissue type. (Forms most of the embryonic skeleton that will undergo endochondral ossification).

Hyaline cartilage

Match the following skin cancer types with the correct skin layer. (Melanoma)

Stratum basale

Match the following skin cancer types with the correct skin layer (Squamous cell carcinoma)

stratum spinosum

Which cell junction is responsible for preventing the passage of molecules and ions between adjacent cells and acts like a barrier?

Tight junctions

Your patient burnt their hand on the stove which caused redness and blistering with damage to the epidermis and part of the dermis. What type of burn does your patient have?

2nd degree burn

A patient with hypercalcemia would have an increase in __ (hormone name), which would cause an increase in _ activity (bone cell type), which would result in a decrease in blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin, osteoblast

Keratinization occurs in order to produce the important features of the skin. In what order do the events of keratinization occur?

As new cells move to the outer most layer they undergo apoptosis, slough off, and are replaced

Match the following descriptions with the correct location on the bone diagram. (Epiphysis region)

Label 8

Match the following descriptions with the correct location on the bone diagram. (Location of osteons)

Label 5

Which of the following is the most important mineral component of bone?

calcium phosphate

In deep wound healing, a blood clot forms during the inflammatory response and loosely unites the wound edges. Select the answer that correctly lists the remaining steps/phases in the order in which they occur.

migratory —> proliferative —> maturation

Which type of bone development forms most of the bones in the body

Endochondral ossification

One of the characteristics of epithelial tissue is that it is avascular but innervated which means that:

epithelial tissue contains no blood vessels but is supplied by nerve fibers

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as:

appositional growth

Skin cells play an important role in the production of:

Vitamin D

Serous membranes main function is to

prevent friction

Connective tissue is composed of what 3 major components?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Which layer is only present on the palms and soles?

stratum lucidum

During puberty, an increase of sex hormones occurs that enhances the activity of sebaceous glands. Which of the following is the most likely to results from the increased sebaceous activity?

Increased oily appearance and more acne

Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the production of:

melanin

The canal that runs through the center of each osteon contains:

blood vessels

What is the important role of Merkel cells?

Sensory receptors that allow a person to feel sensations

The Rule of Nines is important because this is how physicians can divide up the bone components to allow for the proper studying of each part.

False

What is the function of neuroglial cells in nervous tissue?

They provide support for neurons

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface:

they tend to die

Match the follow types of melanin to the correct description (Eumelanin)

brown to black

Match the follow types of melanin to the correct description (pheomelanin)

yellow to red

The substance used to make skin waterproof is called:

keratin

Which of the following is true concerning connective tissue fibers?

Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength due to their rope-like quality

Match the following descriptions to the correct fracture type. (A 6-year-old boy falls out of a tree and fractures his arm. In the x-ray, the ulna looks splintered on one side of the fracture site and bent on the other.)

greenstick

Match the following descriptions to the correct fracture type. (A common type of fracture seen in child abuse cases when, for example, a child’s arm is twisted).

spiral

Which blood vessels supply the outer compact bone and periosteum?

Periosteal vessels

What type of fracture is this?

Oblique

Compact bone is characterized by __ whereas spongy bone is characterized by _

dense, smooth tissue; small needlelike pieces with open space

What would happen to a child if the epiphyseal plate closed too early in their femur?

femur would no longer increase in length

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone would cause:

increased osteoclast activity and increased blood calcium concentration

Match the following description to the correct fracture type. (A 78-year-old woman falls and shatters the head of her right femur into many pieces)

comminuted

Match the following description to the correct fracture type. (A 40-year-old man jumps down from a 15 ft height, lands hard on his feet, and pushes his femur into the acetabulum of the hip, breaking the head of the femur)

impacted

Which of the following is a potential complication of severe burns?

all of these choices are correct

An example of a unicellular gland would be:

a goblet cell

Which hormone is most important for bone growth during the infancy and childhood phase?

growth hormone

Epithelial tissue functions to

all of these choices are correct

Which type of skin condition is caused by the liver and causes the color of the skin and eyes to turn yellow?

Jaundice

What would happen if collagen was removed from bone?

The bone becomes stiff and brittle

In observing cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

simple columnar epithelial tissue

Match the following descriptions with the correct location on the long bone diagram below. (Location where red marrow is found in adult bone)

Label 2

Match the following descriptions with the correct location on the long bone diagram below. (Diaphysis region)

Label 9

BONUS: Which of the following is a modified sweat gland?

All of these choices are correct

BONUS: What percentage of the adult body would be burned if only the anterior of the left and right arms and anterior of both left and right thighs?

27%

BONUS: Normal blood plasma Ca2+ levels in a healthy individual should be?

9-11 mg/100 mL

BONUS: Thinking about the aging of the skin, you have a patient who is a twin. When you meet your patient’s twin and see both side by side, you notice that the twin who was a smoker for 30 years, has a lot of wrinkles on their skin. What is the MAIN cause of wrinkles on the skin?

lack of elasticity due to the loss or lack of healthy collagen fibers in the skin