Exam 2

clinical significance of uric acid in urine

associated with gout when consuming purine-rich foods (red meats)

clinical significance of calcium oxalate

associated with kidney stones & ethylene glycol poisoning

clinical significance of triple phosphate

associated with UTIs or kidney stones but usually insignificance

clinical significance of ammonium biurate

signifies dehydration and/or old & unpreserved urine

renal calculi common name

kidney stone

clinical significance of cystine

associated with cystinuria & kidney stone

clinical significance of cholesterol

associated with kidney stones & metabolic conditions (nephrotic syndrome)

what is tyrosine usually seen with?

leucine & bilirubin

clinical significance of tyrosine

liver disease or acute liver atrophy

clinical significance of leucine

associated with maple syrup disease

clinical significance of hemosiderin

signifies intravascular hemolysis

urinary casts are primarily composed of what?

uromodulin (tamm-horsefall mucoprotein)

clinical significance of hyaline cast

big quantity: renal disease & renal failure

few amounts: dehydration, fever, extraneous exercise

clinical significance of RBC casts

glomerular filtration damage → bleeding & inflammation inside filtration units

what is RBC casts usually correlated with

positive blood & protein

clinical significance of WBC casts

associated with pyelonephritis

what is WBC casts usually correlated with

positive LE with possible yeast/bacteria/protein

clinical significance of RTE casts

associated with renal tubular damage and/or chronic renal disease

clinical significance of granular casts

associated with prolonged renal disease

clinical significance of fatty casts

associated with nephrotic syndrome

clinical significance of waxy casts

associated with urine flow, chronic renal failure, renal transplant rejection, & malignment hypertension (sudden spike in blood pressure)

glomerular renal disease

damage on the glomerular membrane by deposits of Ag-Ab complexes

acute glomerulonephritis

sudden inflammation of the glomeruli

acute glomerulonephritis is commonly seen in people following ____ infection

group A streptococcal

what could these laboratory diagnosis indicate:

Moderate to many blood

Dysmorphic RBCs

RBC & granular cast

Mild proteinuria

acute glomerulonephritis

chronic glomerulonephritis

long-term & irreversible inflammatory disease of the glomeruli that is associated with loss of renal tissue & chronic renal failure

what could these laboratory results indicate?

Mild to moderate blood

Granular & waxy casts

Heavier proteinuria

Positive glucose

Isosthenuria (SG same as protein-free blood plasma: 1.008 - 1.012)

Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) & creatinine (waste products)

Abnormal electrolytes

chronic glomerulonephritis

nephrotic syndrome

disorder that changes the permeability of the glomerular membrane, which allows lipids & proteins to leak into the glomerular filtrate

what could these laboratory results indicate?

Lipids (fat droplets & oval fat bodies)

Hyperproteinuria

Casts (waxy, fatty, RTE)

Hypoalbuminemia

Hyperlipidemia

nephrotic syndrome

renal tubular disease

the tubes in the kidneys fail to properly reabsorb & excrete water/minerals/acids

kidney disorder that involves damage to the renal tubular cells caused by ischemia (reduced blood flow) or toxic damage to tubules

acute tubular necrosis

the most common cause of kidney failure in hospitalized patients

acute tubular necrosis

what could these laboratory results indicate?

RTE & RTE casts

Mild proteinuria

Microscopic hematuria

acute tubular necrosis

renal tubular acidosis

secretion of H⁺ ions pr reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate is impaired

what could these laboratory results indicate?

Persistently high pH in urine

Low serum bicarbonate

renal tubular acidosis

interstitial renal disorders (tubulointerstitial nephritis)

inflammation/damage to the tubules & surrounding tissues inside the kidney while sparing the glomeruli

acute interstitial nephritis

spaces between the kidney tubules become inflamed

95% of ____ cases are associated with infection/allergic drug reaction

acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

what could these laboratory results indicate?

WBC but no bacteria

Eosinophils

Small/moderate proteinuria

WBC casts

acute interstitial nephritis

acute pyelonephritis

kidney infection of the upper urinary tract

untreated ascending infection of cystitis could lead to what

acute pyelonephritis

what could these laboratory results indicate?

WBCs in clumps & casts

Bacteria (possible nitrite)

Positive LE

Hyposthenuria (dilute urine → low specific gravity)

Minimal/mild proteinuria

acute pyelonephritis

chronic pyelonephritis

reoccurring or persistent renal infection & interstitial tissue

what could these laboratory results indicate?

WBC casts

Disease progresses w/ prominence of granular, waxy, & broad casts

Increased proteinuria & hematuria

Isosthenuria

chronic pyelonephritis

renovascular renal disease

narrowing or blockage of blood vessels supplying the kidneys

renal urolithiasis

hard mineral & salt deposits that form inside the kidney/urinary tract (kidney stones)

what could these laboratory results indicate?

Increased concentration of chemical salts/solutes

Changes in urinary pH

Urinary stasis

Calcium oxalate

Uric acid

Hematuria

renal urolithiasis

cystitis

bladder infection in the lower urinary tract

what could these laboratory results indicate:

Increased WBCs & bacteria

Small protein & blood

Transitional epithelial cells

No casts

cystitis

acute renal failure

abrupt or rapid decline in renal filtration function, leads to increase in serum creatinine

what could these symptoms indicate?

Edema (loss of water regulation)

Fatigue,

Anemia, metabolic acidosis, oliguria → anuria

chronic glomerulonephritis

what could these symptoms indicate?

Decreased kidney function → oliguria or anuria, edema, decreased consciousness

acute tubular necrosis

what could these symptoms indicate:

back pain, frequent urination, pain during urination, nausea/vomiting, untreated cystitis

acute pyelonephritis

what could these symptoms indicate:

Dysuria (painful urination)

Pressure in lower abdomen

Frequent urination

Cloudy/bloody urine with strong odor

cystitis

which renal disease is usually asymptomatic

Acute interstitial nephritis

which renal diseases can cause edema?

chronic glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, & acute renal failure