Telecommunications, the Internet, Wireless Technology, and Ethical/Social Issues in IS

Practice exam flashcards covering Chapter 7 (Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Tech) and Chapter 4 (Ethical and Social Issues in IS).

What is the definition of a network?

The linking of two or more computers.

What is a Personal Area Network (PAN)?

A network designed to connect devices that are geographically close together, such as in your workplaces.

What is a Local Area Network (LAN)?

A network that connects users and devices for sharing in a local area (close proximity).

What is a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and what is it used for?

A network that spans a metropolitan area for communication among multiple organizations in a city; it is used for EMS, police, fire, and traffic control.

What is a Wide Area Network (WAN)?

A network for data communication across dispersed areas as far as you can go, which may span several cities or even countries.

What are the four types of geographical network scopes?

PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN.

What is a Network Interface Controller (NIC)?

A hardware component that links the computer to the network.

What is a Network Operating System (NOS)?

System software that runs a network, directing information and managing communications.

What are protocols in computer networks?

Agreements, rules, and procedures between 2 points in a network.

What are the functions of TCP and IP in TCP/IP?

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) establishes a connection between computers and sequences the transfer of data packets; IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for the delivery of the packets.

What is packet switching?

A method to send communications from sending devices to receiving devices.

How do analog and digital network signals differ?

Analog is a continuous waveform, curving signal traditionally used for voice and sound; digital is discrete.

What is a modem?

Short for 'modulator/demodulator', it is connecting hardware that converts digital signals to analog.

What is the purpose of a router?

A hardware device that directs data packets between different computer networks, connects network systems, controls traffic flow between them, and provides some sources of firewall protection.

How does a switch compare to a hub within a LAN?

A hub is simple hardware, while a switch has more intelligence, can read the address within a LAN, and can filter and forward data to a specified destination on the network.

What is Software-Defined Networking (SDN)?

A networking approach that uses a central control program separate from networks to manage the flow of data on a network.

What is bandwidth in data transmission?

The range of frequencies that can be accommodated.

What is narrowband data transmission?

A voice-grade transmission channel (like two lanes of road) capable of transmitting a maximum of $56{,}000\,\text{bps}$.

What is broadband data transmission?

Multiple, high-speed internet connections transmitting data, ranging up to $1\,\text{GPS}$.

What is attenuation in network communication?

The loss of power in a signal as it travels from device to device.

What causes Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI)?

Fluorescent lights, weather, and signals that affect transmission distance.

What is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)?

A wireless technology using tiny tags/bags with embedded microchips over short distances (for example, in passports).

What standard is Wi-Fi technology based on?

It is a broadband wireless technology based on the IEEE standard $802.1$.

What is cellular technology?

Two-way wireless communication that assigns a call to a frequency and hands it off to another cell with a different frequency.

What is WiMAX?

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

What is rain fade?

The absorption of a microwave radio frequency signal by atmospheric conditions.

What is Search Engine Optimization (SEO)?

The process of changing site layout and format to increase ranking on popular search engines and generate more site visitors (using services such as choosing keywords and adding meta tags).

What is spamdexing?

Using a variety of deceptive techniques to manipulate search engine results.

What is semantic search?

A type of search whose goal is to include some understanding of human language and behaviors.

What is the Domain Name System (DNS)?

A hierarchical system of servers maintaining a database that converts domain names to IP addresses.

What is typosquatting?

A type of cybersquatting that involves misspelling domain names of popular brands (for example, Twitter).

What is TLDs exploitation cybersquatting?

A type of cybersquatting that involves using a different top-level domain (TLD) than the true owner.

What is Voice over IP (VoIP)?

A technology that lets you make and receive voice calls using a broadband internet connection.

What is Non-Obvious Relationship Awareness (NORA)?

A profiling technology that combines data from multiple sources to create dossiers by finding non-obvious relationships.

What are the three main features of ethical choice?

Responsibility (accepting potential consequences, understanding why it is wrong), Accountability (mechanisms), and Liability (permits individuals to recover damages done to them).

What is Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative?

An ethical principle stating that if an action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone to take.

What is Descartes's Rule of Change?

An ethical principle stating that if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all.

What is the Utilitarian Principle?

An ethical principle to take the action that achieves the higher or greater value.

What is the Risk Aversion Principle?

An ethical principle to take the action that produces the least harm or least potential cost.

What is the Ethical 'no free lunch' rule?

The assumption that virtually all tangible and intangible objects are owned by someone.

What are Fair Information Practices (FIP)?

A set of principles governing the collection and use of information about individuals, based on mutuality of interest between the record holder and individuals.

What is the difference between opt-out and opt-in consent?

Opt-out permits collecting personal information until/unless the consumer requests it NOT be collected (preferred by businesses); opt-in prohibits collecting personal info unless the consumer specifically consents (preferred by individuals).

What are web beacons (web bugs)?

Invisible objects embedded in email messages that track information.

What is spyware?

Technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge.

What is a web log?

A log stored on a web server consisting of one line of information for every visitor to a website.

What is social engineering?

Talking a person into revealing critical information that can be used to obtain personal information.

What is shoulder surfing?

Standing next to someone and watching as they fill out personal information on a form.

What is piggybacking or tailgating?

A method that allows a fraudster to enter a restricted area by closely following an authorized person.

What do patents protect, and for how long?

Patents protect new innovations, processes, and designs, granting the owner an exclusive monopoly for $20\,\text{years}$.

What is software piracy?

The illegal copying of software that is protected by copyright laws.

Bluetooth

Useful for creating ( PAN)

Search Engines

tools for locating specifics or information on the internet

Search Engine Marketing

to reach wide market, to find stuff

Sponsored Links

that advertiser have paid to be listed usually

Spot Leasing

a pain, search engine that leased for a specific amount of time

Keyword search

results are based on keyword matching

Computational search

rather than result as hyperlinks to existing web pages

Social search

an effort provide fewer but more relevant

Golden rules

do unto others as you would have them do unto you

Copyright

gives the creator exclusive rights, no one else can reproduced

Trademarks

protect product names and identifying marks

Trade Secret

intellectural work or product belonging toa business - not a public domain

Patents

protect new innovation, processes, designs, grants the owners an exclusive monopoly for 20 years

Challenges and Threat in workplace privacy and monitoring

Ease of transmission/replication, ease of alternation, compactness- make theft easy, difficulties to establishing uniqueness

Threat / Crimes in Workplace Privacy / monitoring

Software privacy: illegal copying of SW that protected by copyright laws

Cybersquatting: registering, trafficking in, or using an internet domain name with bad faith