L34+37: VBD and VBD in small animals

What pathogen causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Rickettsia rickettsii

What type of agent/pathogen is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Gram negative obligate intracellular parasite

What vector or transmission route spreads Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

1. Dermacentor americanum (American dog tick)

2. D. andersonii (RM wood tick)

3. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick)

What is the reservoir host for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

1. Small mammals

2. Rodents

3. Lagomorphs

What animal(s) are affected by Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Dogs, mostly incidental dead-end host

Is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever zoonotic?

Yes (incidental hosts)

What cells or tissues are targeted/affected by Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

• Immune cells of hemopoitic cells

• Replicates in endothelial cells of capillaries after 2-14 days

What are the clinical signs of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Can appear subclinical

what are the acute signs of RMSF?

1. anorexia

2. Petechia and Ecchymosis

3. Anterior Uveitis

4. Fever

5. Mucupurulent oculo-nasal discharge

6. Polyarthritis

7. Testicular inflammation

what bloodwork will be seen with RMSF?

• Leukopenia followed by leukocytosis

• Thrombocytopenia

• Possible anemia

• Can progress to DIC

what is important to understand about RMSF?

NOT A CHRONIC DISEASE

How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever diagnosed?

1. Presumptive

2. Paired serum samples (IgG and IgM titers)

3. PCR

What is the treatment/management for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Doxycycline for 21 days

what is the treatment for RMSF if the animal is younger than 6 months?

Enrofloxacin, tetracycline, Chloramphenicol

Where is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever mainly seen in the US?

Mainly seen in Arizona and New Mexico (Brown Dog Tick)

What is the seasonal pattern for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Seasonal (April to September)

What prevention method is listed for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Tick control!

How long does it take before transmission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

takes 4-6 hours before transmission

What pathogen causes Salmon Poisoining Disease?

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

What type of agent/pathogen is Salmon Poisoining Disease?

Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium carried within a trematode

What vector or transmission route spreads Salmon Poisoining Disease?

Nanophyetus salmincola trematode in raw/undercooked salmonid fish

What is the reservoir host for Salmon Poisoining Disease?

1. Aquatic snail

2. Salmon

What animal(s) are affected by Salmon Poisoining Disease?

Dogs

Is Salmon Poisoining Disease zoonotic?

No

What cells or tissues are targeted/affected by Salmon Poisoining Disease?

Monocytes

What are the clinical signs of Salmon Poisoining Disease?

1. Appear ~7 days after eating raw fish

2. Fever

3. Vomiting

4. Diarrhea

5. Thrombocytopenia

6. Fatal if not treated

How is Salmon Poisoining Disease diagnosed?

1. Fecal float/sedimentation for eggs

2. Cytology of LN/spleen

3. PCR

What is the treatment/management for Salmon Poisoining Disease?

Doxycycline and Fenbendazole

Where is Salmon Poisoining Disease mainly found according to the table?

Pacific Northwest, Northern California, and Alaska

What pathogen causes Lyme Disease?

Borrelia burdorferi

What type of agent/pathogen is Lyme Disease?

Gram negative spirochetes

What vector or transmission route spreads Lyme Disease?

Ixodes

What is the reservoir host for Lyme Disease?

birds

What animal(s) are affected by Lyme Disease?

1. Dogs

2. Horses

3. Cats

Is Lyme Disease zoonotic?

Yes

What cells or tissues are targeted/affected by Lyme Disease?

1. Extracellular spirochetes localize in connective tissues/joints

2. Can target kidney cells

What are the clinical signs of Lyme Disease?

1. Most animals don't develop clinical disease

2. Acute polyarthritis

3. Lameness

4. Fever

5. Anorexia

6. Lyme nephritis

How is Lyme Disease diagnosed?

1. Abnormal synovial fluid when acute

2. Non-degenerate neutrophils in multiple joints

3. Western Immunoblot (Distinguishes infected vs. vaccinated)

4. C6 Peptide Assay

why is an IFA or ELISA no useful for diagnosis of lyme disease in dogs?

vaccinated dogs remain seropositive for years

What is the treatment/management for Lyme Disease?

1. Doxycycline

2. Amoxicillin

3. Azithromycin

4. Cefovecin (SC once then another 14 days later)

What role do deer play in Lyme Disease according to the table?

Deer not infected but source of blood for ticks

How long after tick attachment does the table say Lyme Disease transmission takes?

Takes 24 hours after tick attachment for transmission to occur

What vaccination/prevention note is listed for Lyme Disease?

Vaccinate in endemic areas but best prevention is tick control

What pathogen causes the monocyte-targeting form of Ehrlichiosis transmitted by the lone star tick?

Ehrlichia chafeensis

What type of agent/pathogen is Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis?

Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium

What vector or transmission route spreads Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis?

lone star tick

What is the reservoir host for Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis?

White tail deer

What animal(s) are affected by Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis?

Dogs

Is Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis zoonotic?

Yes

What cells or tissues are targeted/affected by Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis?

Monocytes

What are the clinical signs of Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis?

Often mild or subclinical

How is Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis diagnosed?

1. PCR during acute infection

2. Serology

3. SNAP

What is the treatment/management for Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis?

Doxycycline for 28 days

What pathogen causes the granulocyte-targeting form of Ehrlichiosis spread by the lone star tick?

Ehrlichia ewingii

What type of agent/pathogen is Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii?

Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium

What vector or transmission route spreads Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii?

lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

What is the reservoir host for Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii?

White tail deer

What animal(s) are affected by Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii?

Dogs

Is Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii zoonotic?

Yes

What cells or tissues are targeted/affected by Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii?

Granulocytes

What are the clinical signs of Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii?

1. Polyarthritis

2. Fever

3. Lethargy

4. Inappetance

5. Subclinical infection possible

How is Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii diagnosed?

• Difficult

1. Snap 4Dx

What is the treatment/management for Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii?

Doxycycline for 28 days

What coinfection note is listed for Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ewingii?

Coinfections with other tick-borne pathogens can occur

What is the MOST COMMON Ehrlichiosis pathogen listed in the table?

Erlichia canis (MOST COMMON)

What type of agent/pathogen is Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium

What vector or transmission route spreads Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

Brown dog tick

What is the reservoir host for Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

Domestic and wild canids

What animal(s) are affected by Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

Dogs

Is Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis zoonotic?

No

What cells or tissues are targeted/affected by Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

Infected monocytes marginate and migrate into endothelial tissues

What are the clinical signs of Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

1. Vasculitis of liver, spleen, bone marrow, LN, lungs, kidney, and CNS

2. Can be subclinical for months to years

3. Acute typically for 1-3 weeks after infection lasting 2-4 weeks

what will you see on bloodwork for Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

1. Anemia

2. Thrombocytopenia

how will chronic infections present from Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

typically presents immune mediated disease

How is Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis diagnosed?

1. Antibody tests

2. SNAP 4DX

3. PCR

what do we go on for the presumptive diagnosis of Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

1. clinical animal presentation

2. positive serology

3. Initate therapy!

What is the treatment/management for Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

1. Supportive care

2. Doxycycline for 28 days

what do we check after treatment of Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

Check PCR 2 weeks after treatment

• if positive continue for another month

• if negative recheck PCR in 8 weeks

what parameters do we want to resolve with Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

want resolution of thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia

What kidney-monitoring note is listed for Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

Monitor kidneys as 112% more likely to have CKD (Look at SDMA, CBC/CHEM, full UA)

What prognosis is listed for acute versus chronic Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

• acute = good with treatment

• chronic = variable to guarded

What potential co-infections are listed for Ehrlichiosis caused by Erlichia canis?

1. Bartonella

2. Anaplasma

3. Borreila

4. Babesia

What pathogen causes the zoonotic granulocyte-targeting form of Anaplasmosis listed in the table?

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

What type of agent/pathogen is Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

Obligate intracellular bacterium

What vector or transmission route spreads Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

Ixodid ticks

What is the reservoir host for Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

1. Small mammals

2. Rodents

What animal(s) are affected by Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

1. Dogs

2. Ruminants

3. Horses

Is Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum zoonotic?

Yes

What cells or tissues are targeted/affected by Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

Granulocytes in both dogs and horses

What are the clinical signs of Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

1. Fever

2. Lethargy

3. Anorexia

4. Polyarthritis

5. Thrombocytopenia

How is Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum diagnosed?

1. PCR during acute infection

2. Paired IFA or SNAP 4DX

What is the treatment/management for Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

Doxycycline 14-28 days

What blood cells are infected by Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

Infects white blood cells

What coinfection is listed for Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

Can have co-infections with Borrelia burgdorferi

What pathogen causes the erythrocyte-targeting cattle form of Anaplasmosis?

Anaplasma marginale

What type of agent/pathogen is Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale?

Obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium

What vector or transmission route spreads Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale?

1. Ixodid ticks

2. Tabanid flies

What is the reservoir host for Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale?

Cattle

What animal(s) are affected by Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale?

Cattle and other Ruminants

Is Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale zoonotic?

No