Ichthyology exam 1

Soft dorsal fin

Spiny dorsal fin

Caudal (tail) fin

Peduncle

Nares (nostrils)

Pectoral fins

Pelvic fins

Vent

Anal fin

Operculum (gill cover)

Lateral line

Gill openings (shark)

Free rear tip (shark)

Precaudal pit (shark)

Upper lobe (shark)

Subterminal notch (shark)

Lower lobe (shark)

Pelvic fin (paired) (shark)Re

Rear margin (shark)

Pectoral fin (paired) (shark)

Spiracle (shark)

What are fins supported by

fin rays

-in both cartilaginous and bony fish

what are fin rays called in sharks and rays

ceratotrichia

what are ceratotrichia like

stiff, unbranched, and unsegmented

what are fin rays called in bony fish

lepidotrichia

what are lepidotrichia

flexible, branched, segmented

Abdominal paired fins

Subabdominal paired fins

Thoracic paired fins

Jugular paired fins

how can pelvic fins be modified

as sucking devices

how are sucking device fish different

-small tail fin joined to dorsal and anal fins

-snailfish

-clingfish

how are pelvic fins of sharks and rays different female vs male

how does the flying fish have a modified pectoral fin

how does frogfish have a modified pectoral fin

what are shark pectoral fins like

-rigid and not collapsible

-stabilizers

-diving planes

what are rays and skates pectoral fins like

-more variable

-stiffer in open water rays

-flexible in benthic skates and rays

what are unpaired fins like

-dorsal and anal fins

-serve as stabilizers

-can be used to generate thrust

-can be collapsed at high swimming speeds to reduce drag

modified dorsal fins (lure)

round caudal fin

truncate caudal fin

emarginate caudal fin

forked caudal fin

lunate caudal fin

whats the caudal fin like in fast-swimming fish

-stiff

-lunate

-caudal peduncle narrow with kneel

whats the caudal fin like in intermediate swimming speed fish

-forked, emarginate, or truncate

-not as stiff

-caudal peduncle wider

whats the caudal fin like in bottom-dwelling (benthic) fish

-truncate or rounded

-small relative surface area

homocercal caudal fin

upper and lower lobes symmetrical

heterocercal caudal fin

adipose fins

what fish have thickened rays

catfish and minnows

what fish have true spines

more derived fish

what fish have fin spines with venom glands

lionfish and madtom

bony plate scales

what are placoid fish scales

-found on chondricthyes

ganoid bony fish scales

cycloid bony fish scales

ctenoid bony fish scales

superior mouth orientation

terminal mouth orientation

subterminal mouth orientation

inferior mouth orientation

protrusible/ protractile mouth

gill rakers

how many gill slits do sharks have

-5

-some may have more than 5

what are the sensory organs

eyes, barbels, and lateral line

what are barbels

what is a lateral line

what is ampullae of lorenzini

whats the vertebral column of hagfish

cartilaginous sheath around notochord

notochord

what is the vertebral column for lampreys

notochord with elaborations resembling neural arches

what is the vertebral column for cartilaginous fish

cartilaginous vertebrae with centra (many with neural arch)

what is the vertebral column for bony fish

bony vertebrae with centra and neural and hemal arches

abdominal vertebrae in bony fish

caudal vertebrae in bony fish

what is the centrum in bony fish vertebrae

what is the transverse processes in shark vertebrae

do sharks have ribs

no

what is the skull for hagfish and lampreys

basically a cartilaginous trough where the brain sits

-also an attachment surface for mouth parts, gill cartilages etc.

what is the chondrocranium

-in cartilaginous fish skulls

what is jaws and supports in cartilaginous fish skulls

-one of the major regions

what is branchial cartilages

-one of the major regions of cartilaginous fish skulls

what is the hyoid arch

-connects jaws and chondrocranium

-also articulation point

what is the otic region of a shark chondrocranium

what is the orbit of eye in a shark chondrocranium

what is olfactory capsule in a shark chondrocranium

what is rostrum in a shark chondrocranium

what is the neruocranium of bony fish skulls

-various regions of skull fused together

what is the suspensorum of bony fish skulls

what are the opercular bones of a bony fish skull

what is red fish muscle like

slow contraction rate

used for continuous swimming

what is white fish muscle like

fast contraction rate, used for bursts of speed

what is pink fish muscle like

intermediate contraction rate

used for both continuous swimming and bursts of speed

what is anguilliform locomotion

-very flexible bodies

-most of body used in undulations (not head)

-body full wavelength

-slow swimmers but good at moving through crevices

ex: eels

what is carangiform locomotion

-front half stiff, posterior half flexible

-fast swimmers always on the move

-most general locomotion

-1/2 wavelength

-bodies fairly streamlined

ex: jack family

what does streamlined mean

depth/length= 0.25

-depth placed 1/3 of the way back

what does subcarangiform mean

in between anguilliform and carangiform

-ex: cod

what does thunniform mean

in between carangiform and ostraciform

ex: yellowfin tuna