Psych 1 UC Berkeley Exam 2, Psychology 1 - Midterm 2 (UC Berkeley)

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Wanted to prove that you can examine concept of memory from a scientific view. Used nonsense syllables. Determined memory capacity is 7 + or - 2

Free Recall Test

you are able to produce a response as you do on essays or short answer questions

Cued Recall Test

Receive hints to help test memory

Recognition Test

choosing the correct item among several other options (multiple choice test)

Savings Test

relearning method; recalls past memory

Implicit memory

an influence of an experience on what you say or do that you might not be aware of the influence

Encoding

converting information into a form that is memorable to you

Storage

retaining information for later use

Retrieval

accessing stored information that we have encoded

Sensory Memory

Include all 5 of your sense; infinite capacity(or very large); only remember what you thought was relevant

Short Term Memory

capacity 7 +or - 2; info has to go through short term memory before it proceeds to long term memory; only last a few days

procedural memories

How to do something more implicit

declarative memory

more explicit, ability to state in words. Has 2 sub-categories

Episodic memory

memory for specific events in your life, a certain event reminds you of a principle or fact

Semantic Memory

memory of principle or facts; like what you learn in school

Primacy Effect

easier to remember the info @ the beginning

Recency Effect

Easier to remember info @ the end because more recent

Proactive Interference

new material lost because old material is taking up space

Retroactive Interference

Old material lost due to new material

The reconstruction Effect

ability to include inaccurate information in an attempt to fill in the gaps. Expectations play a big role in this

Elizabeth Loftus' Experiment

The mall study, able to convince children that their parent lost them when they were a child even though that was not true. (Leading Questions)

Hindsight Bias

changing your memory of the past so you can fit it to how events actually turned out

Levels of processing

Deeper processing leads to a deeper connection and easier memory; shallow connection leads to difficulties remembering

encoding specificity

ability to recall something increases when asked to recall something related

Memory Dependence

When you are more likely to remember something if you are in similar conditions as to when you learned the information

Situation Dependency

Being in the same classroom you learned the info in when taking a test

State Dependency

drink coffee while learning it, then you should drink coffee while being tested on it

Method of Loci

pairing items with something memorable

ex--> imagining your house and try to remember a grocery list by "putting" in a grocery in each room with random circumstances

algorithms

mechanical, procedural, accurate problem solving. but time consuming

Heuristics

mental short cuts based on experience; prone to human error but quick. not much thinking

maximizers

searching for the best possible choice. Can lead to be unsatisfied because went too far down maximizer list so nothing is perfect; connection to algorithmic approach

satisficers

in search of the first satisfying choice;may regret choice but connection to heuristic approach

Representative Heuristic

assumption that an item that resembles members of some category is probably that category. (mouse and elephant example)

Base Rate info

how common each category is, may lead to ignoring stats

Availability heuristic

if we can easily think of an example of that category, then that category must be common

confirmation bias

confirming something and then looking for the evidence; instead of considering other possibilities

overconfidence

heuristics are more prone to error even though they increase confidence

Framing

people don't like to take risk to get something, if risk is framed so that they're avoiding a loss they are much more likely to do it. people tend to not want to lose what they have

expertise

becoming really efficient @ solving particular type of problem; practice makes brain changes(taxi cab driver) recognize patters quick and easy; expert in one area doesn't mean expert in all areas

Intelligence

is very hard to define. the ability to solve problems and adapt and learn from the environment

Spearman's Psychometric Approach

involved the "g" factor, which is an underlying level of intelligence that everybody has

Steinberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Three levels of intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence

There are different types of intelligence: music, logical, linguistics, interpersonal, Intrapersonal

Salvoy and Mayer's Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

how well you can judge facial expression

Fluid Intelligence

the ability to learn across different areas (adapt); at peak in 20's

Crystallized Intelligence

obtained through experience at its peak when a lot older 70's; wisdom

Alfred Binet

First IQ Test, basic skills on how to test children; tested sentence generation, naming body parts, and remembering number strings

Scoring Binet/Simon Test

Mental Age: the age that the child's responses were indicative of

Chronological Age: actually age of child

IQ Test

developed by Lewis Terman at Stanford; IQ= MA/CA x 100

Flynn Effect

worldwide increase in intelligence over the past few decades

David Wechsler

he standardized the scoring system; average:100 standard deviation:15; wanted to get rid of cultural and racial questions

heritability

intelligence can be attributed by genetic make up of parents; not always true your environment can change a lot

Developmental Psychology

scientific study of the changes of the mind and related systems throughout the body

snowflake analogy

although snowflakes can be similar, none of them are exactly alike. Hence, if you look at major life events in people you can get a general sense of how things will change about that person

apgar scale

identifies physical and mental development as well as the ability to handle stress

precocious puberty

very early onset and rapid progression of puberty; negative impacts on girls bc causes riskier behavior, more emotional and social problems that can follow them into their adulthood

Thomas Bouchard

focused on Minnesota Twins Study; theyy were separated at birth didn't know had a twin; not reliable study, got weird answers because asked weird questions

Genes

23 pairs (genes), made of of 46 chromosomes

Human Genome

complete set of genes contained within one person

Piaget

children are constantly adapting to their environment; studied cognitive development through stages:sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations

Lev Vygotsky

Zone of Proximal development--> certain things can never be learned at a certain age and certain things can be learn at a certain age; ZPD things can maybe be done with a little bit of help or guidance

Erik Erickson

Stages of human development; 8 of them, each stage has a different task to accomplish

Infants, toddlers, pre-schoolers, preadolescents, adolescents, young adults, middle adults, older adults

James Marcia

Identity Status Theory: our identity formation that happens during adolescence

Identity Achievement

explored all various possible identities

Identity Foreclosure

reaching a strong decisions without much thought put into it

Identity moratorium

considers issues but does not make a decision

Identity diffusion

no clear sense of identity

John Bowlby

Attachment Theory (starts with infant conflict); secure attachment is essential to developing properly

Secure Attachment

this is normal attachment; only some distress when mother leaves but goes back to normal

Anxious/Resistant Attachment

Mixed responses to mother, distress when mother leaves, fear of strangers

Avoidant Attachment

no interaction with mother; may or may not cry

disorganized attachment

no consistent pattern of attachment strategy; less common; thoughts of autism or schizophrenia

Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral development--> instead of focusing on behavior, focuses on morals

Stage 1: pre-conventional- values in external events

Stage 2: conventional- fulfilling duties and upholding laws

Stage 3: post conventional- share standards, rights and duties

Schema

a concept or mental framework that organizes and interprets information in the world (to understand how something works

equilibrium

state of mind where there is harmony between your environment and current schema. Equilibrium occurs when schema forms perfectly

disequilibrium

state of mind caused when new information contradicts current schema ( schema doesn't work in this certain situation)

assimilation

not changing our schema just assimilating in terms of one's existing schema

accommodation

actually changing your schema to incorporate new information

equilibration

shifting from one frame of mind to the next

sensorimotor Stage (0-2) Piaget

learning different outcomes through senses and learning how to increase the frequency of favorable outcomes (trouble with object permanence)

Pre-Operational Stage Piaget

overcoming ego-centrism(inability to differentiate between yourself and others); pretend play; symbolism

conservation

ability to better understand the properties of objects and shapes

Concrete operational stage

Metacognition: the ability to think about your thinking; can see things in their heads when they close their eyes

abstract reasoning

occurs in concrete operational stage; knowing how something could hypothetically play out; imagining a conversation with someone

adolescent egocentrism

think everybody is paying attention to you,you don't pay attention to others that much because so focused on yourself

imaginary audience (adolescent ego-centrism)

perception of being the constant center of attention

Personal fable (adolescent ego-centrism)

perception of being unique and invincible

criticism of Piaget

his timing was off; too early--> conservation and object permanence; too late--> abstract thinking

Scaffolding (Lev Vygotsky)

teaching a little above current level to help with better understanding

Primacy effect (social psychology)

first impressions last for a long time; they are remembered the most and influences us more than the later learned information

self-fulfilling prophecies

effect that occurs when someone's expectations changes their behavior to increase probability of the predicted event; when someone expects something of you they treat you a certain way

stereotypes

generalization or expectation about a group of people can be negative or positive; for ex --> asians are good at math

prejudice

an attitude towards a group of people just because they are a member of that group

discrimination

unfair treatment of a member of a group b/c they are a part of that group

attributions

processes that we use in order to assign causes/reasons to behavior

internal attributions

explaining behaviors based on internal characteristics of person; what we see is because of them and only them

external attributions

explaining behaviors based on situation and surrounding environment; happens because of the environment they are in

fundamental attribution error

when explaining others behaviors we tend to base it on their internal attributions; they are differences among cultures

actor-observer effect

make internal attributions when talking about others but external attributions when talking about yourself or people you are familiar with

self- observing attribution bias

tendency to blame personal failures on situation,but personal success on ourselves; switches in east/south Asian cultures