CIS3250 Langley FSU FINAL

How does your textbook describe ethical egoism?

as a dangerous and myopic philosophy

The concept of "falsifiability" is most associated with which individual?

Popper

The Hippocratic Oath

is an ancient ethical oath for medical practitioners

The below quote is from which author:

Euthyphro: why have you left the Lyceum Socrates? and what are you doing in the Porch of the Kind Archon? Surely you cannot be concerned in a suit before the King, like myself?

Socrates: Nor in a suit, Euthyphro, impeachment is the word which the Athenians use. q

Plato

BLANK was an important British mathematician and logician in the 19th century who created a now-eponymous algebraic system that is highly relevant to today's practice of computer science.

George Boole

Your textbook has a section titled "Cyberethics and the Law of the Horse" Why'd id the author choose that title for this section?

He is framing the discussion about whether or not it is reasonable that cyberspace should have its own set of laws, citing the observation of Judge Esterbrook that just as there is no need for "a law of the horse" an argument can be made the there is no need for a "law of cyberspace"

According to the author of Cyberethics, government regulators should do which of the following?

Must be guided by hg moral standards and respect for basic human values such as freedom and privacy

The author of your textbook takes which of the following stances?

Cultural norms should be separated from ethical ideal and principles.

Despite its emphasis on standards of behavior, ethics is not a BLANK and we should not expect that ethical theories have the same characteristics that we expect of BLANK theories

science, scientific

The phrase "social credit" is being used to describe which of these?

China's recent development of a pervasive, coercive social system based on Internet Technology.

According to the author of Cyberethics, which of the following holds?

Utilitarianism lacks the proper sensitivity to the vital ideals of justice and human rights.

Platos Euthyphro resounds a conversation between Euthyphro and

socrates

Which code calls upon practitioners to "not disclose or reveal any confidential or privileged information obtained during an engagement without proper authorization or otherwise ordered by a four of competent Jurisdiction

Digital Forensics Certification Board's Code of Ethics

Which of the following is a correct assertion about the relationship between Utilitarianism and ethical egoism

In utilitarianism an action is right if it produces utility for all parties affected by the action, whereas in ethical egoism, an action is right for an individual if it benefits the individual.

For a deontological school of ethics which of the following maxims would be most appropriate?

The ends never justify the means

True or False: according to the author of Cyberethics in CH 1 "The Internet and Ethical Values" authoritarian rule throughout the world has been eliminated due to the now universal subscription to the Berne Convention, which commits each signatory nation to providing freedom of speech to all residents of that nation

false

Identify the oldest of these works;

the code of hammurabi
the Berne convention
the constitution of the united states
Utilitarianism

the code of Hammurabi

In the opinion of the author of Cyberethics, censorship should be

done only at the most local level feasible such as by individuals schools or libraries

According to the author of Cyberethics code writers should do which of the following?

be responsible and prudent enough to incorporate into the new architectures of cyberspace structures and preserve basic moral values such as autonomy and privacy.

According to the ACM Code of Ethics, questions related to difficult and complex ethical issues can best be answered by thoughtful consideration of fundamental ethical principles, understanding that BLANK is the paramount consideration?

the public good

According to the author of Cyberethics which of the following is correct about Contractarianism?

Contractarianism is a deontological theory

Legal systems BLANK ethical systems

are or are not

are not

Principlism an applied ethical framework which was popularized by Beauchamp and Childress, emphasizes which four principles

autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice.

True or False: According to the author of Cyberethics censorship is sometimes warranted

true

With regard to the problem of spam (bulk commercial email sent indiscriminately which of these is mentioned as an argument in your textbook for allowing the filtering of spam in the USA?

spamming imposes an undue cost on the recipient against the recipients wishes

True or False European privacy laws and American Privacy Laws are identical since both subscribe to the Berne Convention which dictates privacy conventions for all participating nations.

False

Eppur si muove

Galileo's famous formulation of respect for reality: "And yet it moves!"

Hard real-time computation

Many of our great challenges coming up will be with hard real-time systems. These systems often involve great amounts of energy: potential energy, chemical energy, electrical, and kinetic.

DNA digital data storage

DNA storage.DNA could store all of the world's data in one room, DNA data storage gets random access.

Multi-use tools

Even if we don't intentionally create tools to do harm, what about creating tools that can still be used to do so? An axe is useful for chopping wood, but it can also be used as a deadly weapon

Design practices

What about using "rapid release" models of software design rather than "waterfall models"? Is it ethical not to take due diligence when designing technology that can have very large effects on individual humans, or even groups of humans?

Maintenance practices

Toyota recalls all Mirais for software bug
What about failure to do regular maintenance, such as failure to install software updates?

Criminal categories: doing

Within "doing" we generally find crimes broken down into offenses against some category, such as people, morals, or things, although others have been also created, such as creating laws that protect "the environment", though there have also been crimes of being, such as attainder or in rem proceedings.

Criminal categories: not doing

Generally, "not doing" falls into some sort of negligence, such as criminal negligence; however, there are sometimes service obligations such as jury duty and military conscription that failure to do can result in legal punishment.

Criminal categories: deception

Generally, "deception" includes actions such as fraud (victim consents due to lies or other misrepresentation) or "swatting"(law enforcement is misinformed as to the commission of a serious violent crime).

The current successful cybercrime categories

According to RSA; credit card fraud, account takeover, identity theft particularly prevalent

Greyballing

Greyball is a software tool developed and used by Uber to identify and deny service to certain riders, including riders whom Uber suspects of violating its terms of service

The Panglossian view

Many authors like to point out that instead over the last two centuries that a great number of jobs have been created; many of these jobs would not have existed without the many new developments in technology

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

a 1998 US law intended to update copyright law for electronic commerce and electronic content providers. It criminalizes the circumvention of electronic and digital copyright protection systems.

Stop Online Piracy Act

Antipiracy initiative by the film and music industries, defeated in 2011 because it seemed to limit internet rights

Copyright Laws

Copyright laws give authors exclusive rights to their works, especially the right to make copies. Copyrights now last for an author's lifetime plus 70 years. Copyright protects a literary, musical, dramatic, artistic, architectural, audio, or audiovisual work from being reproduced without the permission of the copyright holder.

Patents

A patent is "a government grant which confers on the inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention for what is now a period of 20 years, measured from the filing date of the patent application."

Trademark

The final form of legal protection for intellectual property objects is the trademark, which is a word, phrase, or symbol that pithily identifies a product or service.

Moral Justifications for Intellectual Property

Certainly many theories of property have been put forth, but those with the greatest intellectual resonance can be found in the philosophical writings of Locke and Hegel and in the philosophy of utilitarianism.

Locke's Labor Desert Theory

At the core of Locke's argument is the principle that the person who works hard on common, unowned materials to make something new or original should enjoy a presumptive property right because he has transformed that material through his labor.

Personality Theory

According to Reeve, "Property enables an individual to put his will into a 'thing.'" Property rights enable the will to continue objectifying itself in the world by insulating its "self-actualization from the predation of others."

Utilitarianism

It has several variations, but the main argument is based on the premise that people need to acquire, possess, and use things to achieve some degree of happiness and fulfillment. Because insecurity in one's possessions does not provide such happiness, security in possession, use, and control of things is necessary.

Landes/Posner model

According to the Landes/Posner model, because intellectual products can often be easily replicated owing to low "costs of production," there is a danger that creators will not be able to cover their "costs of expression" (e.g., the time and effort involved in writing a novel, producing a music album, or writing the source code of a software product).
Creators cognizant of this danger are reluctant to produce and distribute socially valuable works unless they have ownership or the exclusive prerogative to make copies of their productions. Thus, through financial incentives intellectual property rights induce creators to develop works they would not otherwise produce without this protection, and this contributes to the general good of society.

The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act

Initially, copyright protection as provided by the U.S. Copyright Act of 1790 was for a 14-year term, renewable for an additional 14-year term. In 1909 the term for copyright became 28 years with a one-term extension for a possible total of 56 years. The 1976 Copyright Act established the term of life of the author plus 50 years for individual authors and 75 years for corporate authors (e.g., for companies such as Disney).

four factors that help the court determine fair use:

(1) the purpose and character of the use (e.g., commercial use weighs against the claim of fair use);
(2) the nature of the copyrighted work (e.g., creative works receive more protection than factual ones);
(3) the "amount and substantiality of the portion used" in relation to the work as a whole; and
(4) the effects of the use on the market for the work ("fair use, when properly applied, is limited to copying by others which does not materially impair the marketability of the work which is copied")

Napster

peer-to-peer (P2P) online system, which enabled free music file-sharing

P2P network

A locally managed network in which each node can communicate directly with every other node in the network. These systems facilitate the expedient transmission of all forms of content, including photographs, music, movies, eBooks, data files, and documents.

The DeCSS Lawsuit and the "Durable Goods" Cases

The suit contended that DeCSS was little more than a "piracy tool" that would be used to produce decrypted copies of DVD movies for distribution over the Internet. The lawsuit alleged that DeCSS violated section 1201 of the DMCA, which makes it illegal for anyone to provide technology that is intended to circumvent access controls (such as encryption) that protect literary or creative works.

Three general principles have been proposed in the EAD (Ethically Aligned Design)

Embody the highest ideals of human rights
Prioritize the maximum benefit to humanity and the natural environment
Mitigate risks and negative impacts as AI/AS

Tallinn Manual

an academic, non-binding study on how international law (in particular the jus ad bellum and international humanitarian law) applies to cyber conflicts and cyber warfare

CICADA

the low-cost delivery of multiple precision-located sensors, without placing the warfighter in harm's way. (Deploy-able Gliders with sensors)

copyleft license

means any derivative works must use the same license

DRM

Digital Rights Management - application of control technologies to limit the use of digital media

Amazon's One-Click System

utility patent - a company can no longer use the term 'one click'

Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)

aids in resolving domain main disputes between trademarks holders and domain name owners

Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA)

A federal statute that permits trademark owners and famous persons to recover domain names that use their names where the domain name has been registered by another person or business in bad faith.

Cookies

Small text files that are sent to your computer from certain websites. They track your behaviour and transactions.

Beacons

tiny files that gather demographic information, use a single code to identify users by age, gender, location, likely income, and online activity.

Griswold v. Connecticut.

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

prohibit healthcare providers from using and disclosing patient information without the patient's consent.

Directive 95/46/EC

Directive 95/46/EC focuses on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data; it also captures the human right to privacy, as referenced in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)

General data protection regulation (2016) companies have 2 years to transition to GDPR compliance (from EU directive) after the final text is published

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

which requires corporations to prevent the unauthorized release of material corporate data.

Internet Worm

a form of malware that replicates across the internet or local networks.

Cybercrime

includes three basic categories: (1) software piracy, (2) computer sabotage, and (3) electronic break-ins.

computer sabotage

An act of malicious destruction to a computer or computer resource.

Electronic Break-Ins

prohibits unauthorized access that causes damage regardless of whether the damage was 'recklessly caused.'

Botnets

a set of computers that are penetrated by malicious software known as malware that allows an external agent to control their actions

White hat

A hacker who exposes security flaws in applications and operating systems so manufacturers can fix them before they become widespread problems.

Black hat

A hacker who exposes vulnerabilities for
financial gain or for some malicious purpose.

Hacktivism

the authorized or unauthorized use of or destruction of electronic files in pursuit of a political or social goal

Julian Assange and Wikileaks

Julian Assange forms WikiLeaks, a website that anonymously allows uploads of classified documents and reports with no retaliation. Lives in the Ecuadoran Embassy in London and is unable to leave for fear of being arrested. Edit : He's arrested

RSA Encryption

uses public key and private key authentication instead of a password

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

a standard security technology for establishing an encrypted link between a web server and a browser, ensuring that all data passed between them remain private

Clipper chip

Proposed to monitor private communications, used an algorithm with a two-part key that was to be managed by two separate government agencies. Was reportedly designed to protect individual communications while allowing the government to decrypt suspect transmissions.

key management infrastructure

Key Management Infrastructure (KMI) is a unified, scalable, interoperable, and trusted infrastructure that provides net-centric key management services to systems that rely on cryptography, serving Department of Defense (DoD) and the broader cryptographic community.