History of biology exam 1

on lectures 1-5 cus im not interested in 6 or 7

Who is the author of the Hippocratic texts?

Hippocrates

What do both parents contribute to explain a child's resemblance?

Seed from their body parts

What determines a child's resemblance according to the concept of parental contribution?

Whichever contribution 'conquers'

Who first described living things?

Aristotle

What does Aristotle prioritize when explaining living things?

Their form and final outcome

What does Aristotle explain after describing living things?

Their causes

What was Theophrastus' logic?

practitioners provide valuable plant knowledge, but he evaluates their claims selectively.

what did theophrastus think of winward and oil?

plausible precaution

what did theophrastus think of woodpecker causes blindness?

Question it

Dioscorides

"nature's pharmacy: what does it do?

What was the writing dioscorides produced?

materia medica

what did dioscorides materia medica describe?

substances, preparation, and medical uses, arranging drugs by their effects or "affinities"

what was lucretius' logic?

living things arise through atoms moving and combining under suitable conditions; invisible processes explain visible events.

what was augustines' logic?

later appearances of living things unfold from potential established by God at creation

what was al-jahiz' logic?

knowledge of animals connects observations and everyday experience with wider literary and religious concerns, including God's power

what was hunayan ibn ishaq's logic?

translation required understanding, collaboration, identification and revision; it could produce new knowledge.

antoonie van leeuwenhoek

tiny creatures, big proof

what was antoonie van leeuwenhoeks logic?

his microscopic discoveries needed detailed descriptions and reputable witnesses to persuade people that extraordinary observations were credible

what was robert hookes logic?

the microscope reveals structures hideen from ordinary sight; multiple observations contribute to an informative representation.

what was margaret cavendish' logic?

she questions wheter artifical instruments and changing appearances provide reliable knowledge of nature, and asks what useful understanding they deliver

both - seed - conquering - resemblance

hippocratic author

describe - explain; matter + formative movement - organized animal

aristotle

windward and oil? plausible prediction. woodpecker causes blindness? question it

theophrastus

identify - prepare - use - observe effects

dioscorides

dust dancing in sunlight - imagine unseen atoms moving

lucretius

one creation - built in possibilities - development when conditions allow

augustine

fly - observation/story - practical lesson + devine significance

al-jahiz

sound out a plant name - still confused; identify the local plant - useful medicine

hunayan ibn ishaq and fellow translators

animal - nature + culture + law + medicine

ad damiri

matter + heat and other physical infleunces - changing structurs; his repeated questions make the sequence seem inevitable

kenlem digby

experiment - credible witnesses - trustworthy account

robert boyle

sample + method + careful report + testiomony - belief

antonine van leeuwenhoek

fleas body - folding ruler comparison - explanation of jumping

robert hook

many views - which is reliable - what have we learned?

margaret cavendish