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What is Screening?

Identification of those experiencing clinically significant difficulties

What is Diagnosis/Case Formulation?

Specification of DSM clinical diagnosis and conceptualization of clinically significant difficulties

What is Prognosis/Prediction?

Estimation of the likelihood of clinically significant difficulties

What is Treatment Monitoring and Evaluation?

Examination of how well prevention or intervention is working

What are three types of reliability that are evaluated for assessment and prediction approaches?

Internal consistency, Test-retest, and Inter-rater reliability

What is the AUDIT?

The best-available brief screener for alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, and high-risk drinking (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test)

What is Content Validity?

Extent to which item content reflects concept of interest

What is Predictive Validity?

Association of measure with another presumably related measure at FUTURE point in time

What is Incremental Validity?

Extent to which measure predicts more than what already could predict

What does the Sensitivity of an assessment/prediction approach tell us?

Proportion of those with a disorder or condition who are correctly identified

What does the Specificity of an assessment/prediction approach tell us?

Proportion of those without a disorder/condition who are correctly identified

What does it mean if a measure of Bulimia shows a Sensitivity value of .60?

60% of those with Bulimia are correctly identified as Bulimic by the measure

What does it mean if a measure of Bulimia shows a Specificity value of .80?

80% of those without Bulimia are correctly identified as not having Bulimia by the measure

If a measure of Bulimia shows a Sensitivity value of .60, what percentage of people with Bulimia are NOT identified as Bulimic by the measure?

40%

If a measure of Bulimia shows a Specificity value of .80, what percentage of people without Bulimia are WRONGLY identified as Bulimic by the measure?

20%

What does a Cutoff Value determine for an assessment/prediction approach?

Whether the approach makes a positive or negative assessment or prediction

Suppose that you administer a measure of Social Anxiety to 1000 college students, where higher scores are associated with a greater likelihood that the person would be diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder in a comprehensive clinical interview. If you increase the clinical cutoff fromm 20 to 24, will MORE or FEWER people receive a Social Anxiety Disorder diagnosis?

FEWER

Suppose that you administer a measure of Social Anxiety to 1000 college students, where higher scores are associated with a greater likelihood that the person would be diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder in a comprehensive clinical interview. If you increase the clinical cutoff from 20 to 24, will the measure's sensitivity INCREASE or DECREASE?

DECREASE

Suppose that you administer a measure of Social Anxiety to 1000 college students, where higher scores are associated with a greater likelihood that the person would be diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder in a comprehensive clinical interview. If you increase the clinical cutoff fromm 20 to 24, will the measure's SPECIFICITY INCREASE or DECREASE?

INCREASE

What is a True Positive?

Person with disorder/condition classified by screen/questionnaire as having disorder/condition

What is a False Positive?

Person without disorder/condition classified by screen/questionnaire as having disorder/condition

What is a True Negative?

Person without disorder/condition classified by screen/questionnaire as not having disorder/condition

What is a False Negative?

Person with disorder/condition classified by screen/questionnaire as not having disorder/condition

Suppose that you administer a measure of Social Anxiety to 1000 college students, where higher scores are associated with a greater likelihood that the person would be diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder in a comprehensive clinical interview. What do we call those who are correctly identified by the measure as meeting diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder?

True Positives

Suppose that you administer a measure of Social Anxiety to 1000 college students, where higher scores are associated with a greater likelihood that the person would be diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder in a comprehensive clinical interview. What do we call those who are correctly identified by the measure as not meeting diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder?

True Negatives

Suppose that you administer a measure of Social Anxiety to 1000 college students, where higher scores are associated with a greater likelihood that the person would be diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder in a comprehensive clinical interview. What do we call those who are wrongly identified by the measure as meeting diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder?

False Positives

Suppose that you administer a measure of Social Anxiety to 1000 college students, where higher scores are associated with a greater likelihood that the person would be diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder in a comprehensive clinical interview. What do we call those who are wrongly identified by the measure as not meeting diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder?

False Negatives

Does Specificity increase or decrease as Sensitivity increases?

Decrease

What does a Prediction Equation provide us?

An overall risk score from a weighted combination of risk factors

What does it mean for an assessment/prediction approach to be completely clinical?

Clinician selects, measures, and combines risk factors and produces risk estimate solely according to clinical experience and judgment

What does it mean for an assessment/prediction approach to be completely actuarial or statistical?

Risk assessment completely determined by prediction equation and established cutoff scores

What does it mean that the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) shows a sensitivity value of .65?

The proportion of those correctly predicted by the VRAG to show violent recidivism

What does it mean that the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) shows a specificity value of .65?

The proportion of those correctly predicted by the VRAG not to show violent recidivism?

Are clinical or actuarial methods more accurate at making clinically relevant predictions?

Actuarial methods

What are Base Rates?

The proportion of people who have a particular condition or meet a particular set of criteria

When Base Rates are low, do our assessments/predictions tend to be MORE or LESS accurate?

LESS

What does case formulation focus on?

Causal and maintaining factors, such as maladaptive cognitions and behaviors

What is an unstructured clinical interview?

A clinical interview that involves no standard set of questions or structured method for integrating and summarizing obtained information

What is a structured clinical interview?

A clinical interview that involves a very specific format for asking questions, determining follow-up questions, integrating and summarizing obtained information

What is the SCID-5?

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 is a semi-structured interview guide for making major DSM-5 diagnoses

In a study evaluating diagnostic agreement between an interview and questionnaire, what is the typical gold standard?

The interview classification

How is behavioral observation typically used by clinicians?

To identify behavior patterns and generate hypotheses about causal/maintaining factors

What is the Mental Status Exam?

A system of behavioral observation that is commonly used in psychiatric contexts

What is naturalistic behavioral observation?

Observation within normal situational contexts and under naturally occurring reinforcements and consequences

What is structured behavioral observation?

Observation in role-played scenarios in which person engages in one or more simulated social interactions

What is functional behavioral assessment?

A form of observation that involves classifying observed behavior into antecedents, behaviors, and consequences

What are antecedents in functional behavioral assessment?

What happens before a person engages in a specific behavior

What are behaviors in functional behavioral assessment?

What the person is actually doing

What are consequences in functional behavioral assessment?

What happens after a person engages in a specific behavior

Is external validity higher in naturalistic or structured behavioral observation?

Naturalistic

Is internal validity higher in naturalistic or structured behavioral observation?

Structured

What is self-monitoring?

Observing and recording your own behaviors, thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, events, etc.

What is reactivity with respect to self-monitoring?

Changes in behavior being assessed due to self-monitoring

True or False: From the perspective of functional behavioral assessment, problematic behavior may be reinforced by negative outcomes (consequences).

FALSE

True or False: From the perspective of functional behavioral assessment, problematic behavior may be more likely under some conditions (antecedents).

TRUE

True or False: From the perspective of functional behavioral assessment, it may be possible to modify problematic behavior by changing antecedents and/or consequences of the behavior

TRUE

True or False: One of the advantages of self-monitoring assessments is that it provides a great deal of information at low cost.

TRUE

True or False: One of the disadvantages of self-monitoring assessments is that they can be used to track treatment progress.

FALSE

True or False: Self-monitoring assessments cannot be used to characterize a problem and its presumed causal/maintaining factors.

FALSE

True or False: A clinician who observes a child for whom he is the therapist interacting naturally with other children on the playground is engaging in structured behavioral observation.

FALSE

True or False: Naturalistic behavioral observation typically costs less and has higher external validity than structured behavioral observation.

TRUE

What is the Singular Model of intelligence?

Intelligence reflects a single ability.

What is the "g-factor?"

General (single) intelligence.

What is the Hierarchical Model of intelligence?

Intelligence reflects a global intelligence factor "g" and ability-specific factors (i.e., it blends singular and plural models).

What model of intelligence do most current intelligence tests follow?

Hierarchical Model

What is the WAIS-5?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (version 5), which is used to assess adult intelligence according to a hierarchical model

What are the five subscales on the WAIS-5?

Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed

What does the Verbal Comprehension Index assess?

Verbal concept formation and verbal reasoning

What does the Visual-Spatial Processing Index assess?

Spatial processing and visual-motor integration

What does the Working Memory Index assess?

Capacity to store, transform, and recall incoming information in short-term memory

What does the Processing Speed Index assess?

Ability to rapidly and accurately process simple information

What are the five major components of intelligence that emerge in numerous studies?

Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial Processing, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed

What is the Full Scale IQ Score?

Average performance across four intelligence scales on WAIS-5

What is the General Ability Index?

Average performance across some measures of the Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Fluid Reasoning on WAIS-5.

What is norm-referenced assessment?

An individual's score on a measure is scaled relative to scores in a comparison (normative) sample

How are IQ scores scaled on the WAIS-5?

An individual's score on the WAIS-5 is scaled relative to scores of same-age peers in a normative sample

What is the average score on the WAIS-5?

100

Is the standardization of the WAIS-5 high or low?

High

Are the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the WAIS-5 high or low?

High

Is the utility of the WAIS-5 high or low?

High

Does the WAIS-5 predict initial grades in school or success after getting a job or both?

Only initial grades in school

What does the WAIS-5 predict about academic performance in college?

Academic performance in the first year of college

Does the WAIS-5 predict success after getting a job, whether someone gets a job, or both?

Only whether someone gets a job

What factors are related to IQ scores on the WAIS-5?

Educational background, cultural background, motivation, anxiety, socioeconomic status, and/or physical testing conditions

What type of validity is of particular concern for the WAIS-5?

Content validity

Characterize genetic influences on the WAIS-5.

Heritable and polygenic.

What environmental factors have an influence on IQ scores on the WAIS-5?

Environmental toxins, variables associated with low SES (socioeconomic status), and breast-feeding

Does the WAIS-5 assess a broad or narrow conceptualization of intelligence?

Narrow

True or False: The WAIS-5 assesses intelligence according to a singular model

FALSE

True or False: The Processing Speed Index assesses a person's capacity to store, transform, and recall incoming information in short-term memory.

FALSE

True or False: The Visual-Spatial Processing Index assesses spatial processing and visual-motor integration.

TRUE

True or False: The General Ability Index is average performance across the Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Fluid Reasoning scales on the WAIS-5.

TRUE

What does objective personality assessment involve?

Administration of standard set of questions or statements with fixed set of potential responses

Is objective or projective personality assessment generally associated with higher standardization reliability, validity, and utility?

Objective

What does projective personality assessment involve?

Administration of unstructured or ambiguous stimuli with open-ended responses

What are responses to projective personality assessment assumed to reflect?

Client's projection of unconscious thoughts/urges/experiences onto stimuli

Is objective or projective personality assessment generally associated with more complex and expensive administration and scoring?

Projective

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3)?

Widely used and psychometrically sound self-report inventory of personality and psychopathology

Is the AUDIT, VRAG, SCID-5, or MMPI-3 widely used to assess/predict clinical phenomena in clinical, legal, penal, work, and educational contexts?

MMPI-3

What is the Empirical Approach to test construction?

Items are included only if responses discriminate between clinical and control groups