Cardiopulmonary exam 1

eupnea

term for normal breathing

tachypnea

term for increased rate/frequency of breathing

bradypnea

term for decreased rate/frequency of breathing

hyperpnea

term for increased depth/airflow of breathing

hypopnea

term for decreased depth/airflow of breathing

apnea

term for cessation of breathing

dyspnea

term for difficult, laborered breathign

orthopnea

term for positional dyspnea

agonal ataxia

term for continuous irregular shifts of hyperventilation, hypoventilation, and apnea

paradoxia

term for abdomen and thorax moving in opposition

flail chest

term for segment of chest wall moves independently

panting, bronchial, vesicular, bronchovesicular

4 normal respiratory sounds are P, B, V, and B

bronchial

normal respiratory sound that is turbulent airflow in trachea, timing/duration of inspiration = expiration, inspiration intensity > expiration intensity

vesicular

normal respiratory sound that is turbulent airflow in large airways, timing/duration of inspiration >> expiration, inspiration intensity >> expiration

stertor

term for snoring sound, involves nasal/nasopharyngeal/palate

stridor

term for high pitched, harsh, vibratory noise, includes oropharynx, larynx, upper trachea

stertor, stridor

2 abnormal audible respiratory sounds are S and S

crackle, wheeze, end expiratory grunt, pleural rub, fluid line

5 abnormal ausculted respiratory sounds are C, W, E E G, P R, and F L

crackle

abnormal ausculted respiratory sound that is discontinuous bubbling/popping sounds as air passes through fluid and force collapsed airway/alveolar walls open

wheeze

abnormal ausculted respiratory sound that is continuous whistling sounds caused by air turbulence in narrowed lower airways

end expiratory grunt

abnormal ausculted respiratory sound that may indicate bronchoconstriction and air trapping

pleural rub

abnormal ausculted respiratory sound that may indicate irregular pleural surface

fluid line

abnormal ausculted respiratory sound that suggests plural space disease and consolidation

top

with fluid line/dull region abnormal ausculted respiratory sign, does fluid/mass present mean sound is heard in the top or bottom of lungs

bottom

with fluid line/dull region abnormal ausculted respiratory sign, does pneumothorax mean sound is heard in the top or bottom of lungs

discharge, epistaxis, sneeze

3 chief complaints of nose/nasopharynx include nasal D, E, S

occlusion, stertor, mouth, inspiratory

chief complaints of nose/nasopharynx include nasal passage O, S, M breathing, and inspiratory or expiratory effort if closed mouth

asymmetry, deformity

chief complaints of nose/nasopharynx include facial A and D

ocular

chief complaint for nose/nasopharynx include O signs

anorexia

chief complaint for nose/nasopharynx include A in cats and other non-specific symptoms

stridor, cough, breathing, posture, inspiration, paradoxic, exercise, hyperthermia, tachypnea, pant, dyspnea, distress

chief complaints for upper airway include S, C, altered what pattern due to P, greater inspiration or expiration, and P, E intolerance, H, T, P, D, and D

upper

are these chief complaints for upper or lower airway: stridor, cough, altered breathing pattern due to posture, inspiration > expiration, and paradoxic, exercise intolerance, hyperthermia, tachypnea, panting, dyspnea, distress

cough, wheeze, breathing, expiration, exercise, tachypnea, dyspnea, distress

chief complaints for lower airway include C, W, altered B pattern with greater inspiration or expiration, E intolerance, T, D, and D

upper

is altered breathing pattern with inspiration > expiration an upper or lower airway issue

lower

is altered breathing pattern with expiration > inspiration an upper or lower airway issue

cough, exercise, crackle, wheeze, harsh, dull, tachypnea, dyspnea, distress, both

chief complaints for lungs include C, E intolerance, C, W, H sounds, D sounds, T, D, D, and inspiratory or expiratory components or both or neither

lungs

chief complaints for what include cough, exercise intolerance, crackles, wheezes, harsh and dull sounds, tachypnea, dyspnea, distress, both inspiratory and expiratory components

lower

are these chief complaints for upper or lower airway: cough, wheeze, altered breathing pattern with expiration > inspiration, exercise intolerance, tachypnea, dyspnea, and distress

breathing, inspiration, tachypnea, dyspnea, distress, exercise, decreased

chief complaints for pleural include altered B pattern with greater inspiration or expiration, T, D, D, E intolerance, increased or decreased lung sounds on auscultation

pleural

chief complaints of what include altered breathing pattern with inspiration > expiration, tachypnea, dyspnea, distress, exercise intolerance, decreased lung sounds on auscultation

lar par, tracheal collapse, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

common upper airway diseases are L P, T C in dogs, and O S C C in cats

polyp, aspergillus

common nasal/nasopharyngeal issues are P in cats and A in dogs

less

do cats cough more or less than dogs

asthma, chronic bronchitis

common lower airway issues are A in cats and C B in dogs

congestive heart failure

common pleural space disease in cats and dogs

small

does chronic bronchitis and tracheal collapse occur in small or large breeds

spontaneous pneumothorax

husky rare respiratory condition is S P

lung lobe torsion

afghan hound rare respiratory condition is L L T

pneumocytosis

dachshund rare respiratory condition is P

older

is cancer more common in younger or older patients

virus, bacteria, congenital, swallow, polyp

younger animals nasal disease is caused by V and B infections, C defects, S defects, and P

tumor, fungal, allergic rhinitis, dental, immune mediated

middle-aged to older animals nasal disease is caused by T, F infection, A R, D disease, and I M disease

obstruction, ocular retropulsion, dental, oral

physical exam of nasal region should look for O, O R, and D and O exam

heart, mucous membrane, palpation

physical exam of airway and lungs should include what rate and sounds, what color, and response to what

lymph nodes

physical exam of nasal region and airways and lungs should include regional what

symptom

is coughing a symptom or disease

no

is empiric therapy and cough suppression an appropriate first choice option for coughing

upper, large

cough receptors are located primarily in upper or lower respiratory tract in small or large airways

secretions, compression

cough receptors can be triggered by movement of respiratory S and external C

2

cardiac disease can cause coughing in how many ways

chamber, blood flow, audible murmur

heart what enlargement sufficient to compress an airway is often associated with changes in what and an A M

no

is hearing a murmur enough to prove cause of cough

rare

is it common or rare for cats to cough because of CHF

tachycardia

if an animal is coughing due to heart failure will it also have bradycardia or tachycardia

timing, effort

what 2 things differentiate inspiration and expiration, helps with localization and differential diagnosis

active, passive

is breathing in active or passive, and is breathing out active or passive

rate, effort, oxygen

respiratory distress is marked by abnormal breathing R and E, and sign of ineffective what delivery to tissues

oxygen, air, lungs, blood, blood, oxygen, blood, tissues

components of adequate oxygen delivery are what in air, enough what gets into what, air moves from inside what to what, what able to hold enough what, and what able to get to what

environment, respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, hematologic

adequate oxygen delivery involves E and what 4 systems

stress

what can significantly worsen respiratory distress

before, stable

with respiratory distress, you need to often start therapy before or after performing physical exam and diagnostic test, and patient should be what before any non-essential testing

larynx, lower

true respiratory distress is typically at the level of what and higher or lower

laryngeal, upper

L airway disease and upper or lower airway disease are generally loud with stridor, head/neck extension posturing, and inspiratory component

loud, stridor, head/neck extension, inspiratory

laryngeal/other upper airway disease is generally loud or quiet with S, H/N E posturing, and inspiratory or expiratory component

expiratory

does asthma have an inspiratory or expiratory component

tachycardia, murmur, pulse

cardiac disease significant enough to cause distress usually associated with T, M, and P abnormalities

nasal

stertor supports what involvement

stertor

what supports nasal involvement

oral, upper

stridor supports O and upper or lower airway involvement

stridor

what supports oral/upper airway involvement

small

wheezes support large or small airway disease

wheeze

what supports small airway disease

extrathoracic, pleural space

inspiratory effort supports intrathoracic or extrathoracic airway lesions, and P S disease

inspiratory

does inspiratory or expiratory effort support extrathoracic airway lesions and pleural space disease

intrathoracic

expiratory effort supports intrathoracic or extrathoracic airway lesions

expiratory

does inspiratory or expiratory effort support intrathoracic airway lesions

yes

can respiratory distress occur without primary pulmonary disease

respiratory distress

what occurs with lesions at and below the larynx

pleural space

muffled lung sounds support P S disease

muffled lung

M L sounds support pleural space disease

stertor, discharge, sneeze, open mouth

nasal problems include S, D, S, O M breathing

inflammation, neoplasia, congenital, anatomic

4 pathophysiology causes of nasal problems are I, N, C, and A

MDB, FeLV, FIV, coagulation, infectious disease, cytology

less invasive tests for nasal disease include M, F, F, C parameters, I D screening, and C

PCR, fungal, vector borne

infectious disease screening for nasal disease includes what panels, F serology, V B disease tests

masses, lymph nodes, nasal

cytology for nasal disease includes FA of what 2 things and cytology of what discharge

oropharyngeal, nasal, dental, CT, MRI, rhinoscopy

visualization/imaging for nasal disease includes O exam, N and D radiographs, C, M, and R

nasopharynx, nose

what 2 parts of the body does rhinoscopy look at for nasal disease

foreign body, tooth root abscess, mite, anatomic, structural

visualization/imaging for nasal disease is localizing but will not provide definitive diagnosis unless it is F B, T R A, M, A and S abnormalities

nasal flush, biopsy

2 more invasive tests for nasal disease include N F and B

histopathology, culture

biopsy for nasal disease is for H and C