Energy and Enzymes (exam 2)

Energy

The ability to do work or cause change (performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electric tasks)

energy when making electricity

The energy moves electrons so when flowing through wire it can power machines

Energy when moving objects

Energy from what we eat is used to contract muscles and move our bodies/ heavy objects

Energy forms

Kenetic energy and potential energy

kinetic energy

Energy of motion/ movement

potential energy

stored energy that is available to do work

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

2nd law of thermodynamics

When energy changes from one form to another, some of the useful energy that can work is degraded to lower quality energy for ex: heat being produced when walking up the stairs (some energy is lost as heat)

The sun is the..

Ultimate source of energy

Other energy sources

- Food

- Wood/oil/gas/coal

- motion of molecules in the air

Solar energy

Electromagnetic energy that comes from the sun in pockets of energy called photons (energy is determined by wavelength)

Photons with SHORTER wavelengths carry..

more energy

Photons with LONGER wavelengths carry..

lower energy

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to make up organic compounds (converts visible light to simple sugars and takes minerals from soil)

Primary producers

Organisms that turn sunlight (solar energy) to chemical energy

Producers

Organisms that make their own food from abiotic compounds

- by photosynthesis (plants)

- by chemosynthesis (Bacteria)

Consumers

heterotrophs (animals) that get nutrients by feeding on other organisms

Food chain

Sequence of organsims that show how energy moves through each organism

Both plants and animals use..

energy released from cellular respiration to make ATP (relases stored energy)

ATP

adenosine triphosphate (stored Energy that is released to benefit an organism)

(triphosphate) Phosphate Groups

Three groups in ATP that change the shape of molecule's that cause influence to activity

Removing the end phosphate group by hydrolysis..

Releases energy stored in ATP, cells use this energy to do work.

Hydrolysis in ATP

Releases energy by breaking phosphate bonds, producing and providing energy needed to build macromolecules

Activated glucose is..

More likely to bind with other gluecose molecules

Endergonic Reactions

Reactions that require net energy

Exergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy by Cellular respiration or combustion

Metabolism (involves monomers)

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Building complex molecules in metabolism (monomers)..

COSTS energy

Breaking complex molecules in metabolism (monomers)..

RELEASES energy

Energy Transformation

the process of changing one form of energy to another (lost as heat)

Cells use..

Chemical energy

Cells need..

Protein to do work

Protein

What cells utilize in order to release energy (also known as the molecular toolkit for the cell)

Four levels of protien structure

Enzyme

A type of protein that acts as a catalyst and speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing (without being consumed)

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Chemical reactions

-Performs reactions in a cell to allow them to function

-Uses energy to build large molecules

Components of chemical reactions

substrate, reactants, products

Substrate

What the enzyme acts on

Reactants

Molecules that are present at the start of a reaction

Products

Molecules present at the end of a reaction

Each enzyme fits the shape of a..

Substrate

enzymes lower the..

Activation energy

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Anabolic

process where building larger molecules requires energy

Catabolic

Process where breaking down molecules releases energy

Enzyme inhibitors (competative)

Shuts down uneeded reactions and lowers enzyme activity

Noncompetative inhibitors

Changes the shape to the active site