AP World Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires

Who moved the capital to Beijing

Ming Empire

Who restored power to Han Chinese control from the Mongols

Ming Empire

Who expanded the Great Wall of China in fear that Mongols from the north would conquer

Ming Empire

Who built the Forbidden City

Ming Empire

Who reinvigorated the civil service exam

ming empire

Did the Ming collect tribute from other states?

Yes

Which empire land taxes were collected in rice and later silver

Ming empire

which empire planted trees, rebuilt canals & reservoirs, and helped trade flourish

ming empire

which empire was overthrown by the manchus

ming empire

which empire controlled china from 1644 to 1911

quing empire

in the quing empire were most bureaucrats han Chinese or manchus

han chinese

what han Chinese practices did the manchus adopt

• civil service exam

• bureacracy

• Confucianism

who were more tolerant of the han Chinese: mongols or manchus?

mongols

what did the manchus force the han Chinese to do

wear their hair

what year were the quings strong until

1750

Who restored order and rebuilt the economy after the Ming collapsed

quing empire

how did empire kangxi affect the quing empire

• didn’t tax peasants due to surpluses

• confucian scholar which led to him making the first Chinese dictionary

• expansion over Tibet, Xinjiang, mongolia, and taiwan

• established protectorate over Tibet

how did emperor quianlong affect the quing empire

• expanded: xiangjing (area in China where Muslims are mistreated)

• unsuccessful campaigns in Burma and Vietnam

• dali lama on throne of tibet

what caused decline of Central Asia as a crossroads of culture and center of trade

Russian and Chinese campaigns into Central Asia

what did Jesuit missionaries and China trade with each other

• jesuits: maps, quinine

• china: fans, jade, porcelain, tea, silk

who inspired other countries to trade with china due to adoration of Chinese products

jesuits

canton system

china restriction trade with Europeans to the ports:

• hong kong, Canton, macao

whose trade was limited with china

portugese, British, spanish, dutch

where was imperial japan centered at

nara and heian

which clan grew to power then relied on samurai for local government

fujiwara clas

which clan ruled along the weakened Fujiwara clan (not unified)

kamakura shogunate

how did china influence japan

• confucianism

• buddhism

• daoism

• architecture

• writing

what is unique to only japan

• continual bloodline of the emperor

• rejected mandate of heaven

• Shinto religion

• Bushido (samurai code)

when did the portugese arrive in japan

1543

who introduced guns to the japanese

portugese

who introduced christianity to japan

• portugese through Jesuit missionaries

who did Japan regulate trade with

• spain

• netherlands

• england

which port city did Japan regulate trade through

nagasaki

three Unifiers of japan

• nobunga

• hideyoshi

• ieyasu

nobunga affects on japan

• took control of Kyoto & surrounding territory

• unified ½ of japan

• killed by his general

hideyoshi affect on japan

• emperor after nobunga’s murder

• tried to expand into Korea and china

ieyaso affect on Japan

• waited until hideyoshi’s death to take power

• defeated rival daimyo and unified japan

• assumed title of shogun

shogunate started by ieyasu

tokugawa shogunate

characteristics of the Tokugawa shogunate

• shogun had more centralized power

• organized Japan into 250 territories controlled by a daimyo who HAD to be loyal to shogun

effects of the Tokugawa shogunate

• economic growth

• arts flourished (Kabuki theater, haiku)

• Growth of Tokyo

• Samurai role changed (warrior to bureaucrat)

• merchants grew more powerful

why was Christianity banned in Tokugawa shogunate

• fear of threats to unity in japan

• those who violated could be crucified or beheaded

how was Japan isolated

• foreigners expelled

• Japanese couldn’t travel abroad

• all eruopeans but the Dutch were banned from trade with japan

• some trade with china, Korea, and southeast Asia continued

why were the Dutch and Japan so close

• dutch helped prevent Christian uprising

• dutch taught shipbuilding, weapons, math, astronomy, medicine, and geography

Whose death causes rival chiefs to battle for power in Central Asia

Tamerlane

Who emerged as the leader in Iran (Safavid Empire)

Ismail - heir to a Sufi brotherhood (Safaviya)

Who conquered Persia and Iraq at age 14

Ismail

what was the emperor called in the safavid empire

shah

what ethnicity were the safavids but which culture did they promote

• ethnicity: turks

• culture: persian

Qizilbash

• warriors who helped establish the Safavid empire

• armed with guns and sabers

• nomadic groups given land exchange

Which empire forced population to adopt Shi’a Islam

• Safavid Empire

• killed 20,000 people in Tabriz when conversion was resisted

Ghulam (Safavid Empire)

• enslaved soldiers that used modern firearm when Qizilbash challenged shah’s power

• protected shah

• recruited from minority groups from Georgia, Armenia, circassia

Men of the Pen

• bureaucrats from Persian population in Safavid empire

statebuilding of safavid empire

• imported weaponry from europe

• relied on Europeans to advise troops on military tech

• used shi’a Islam as unifying force

• didn't have a navy

who had conflict with the Sunni Ottomans and why

• safavid empire over religious, territory beliefs, and conflict of overland trade routes

what formed the Easter border of Ottoman empire

• safavid forces stopped by ottomans

isfahan - Safavid empire

• capital of empire

• economy based on trade of silks and wool carpets

how was Isfahan similar to istanbul

• had bazar

• houses w/ interior courtyards and separate women’s quarters

how was Isfahan different from istanbul

• not globally united - no harbor had the same variety of visitors as istanbul

• volume of trade lower

• architecture not as grand as istanbul

why did the Safavid empire decline

• rugs and silk didn’t produce enough revenue as Europeans got it directly from East Asia

• leaders' lived a lavish lifestyle and military spending

• sunni pashtuns rebelled

• Ottomans and Russia took safavid territory

how did the gunpowder empires expand their power

gunpowder

how did empires consolidate power

bureaucracy, taxes

how did empires legitamize power

titles, religion, architecture

gunpowder empires

• ottomans

• safavids

• mughals

• quing

common traits of Islamic gunpowder empires

• descendants from Turkic nomads

• used power vacuum left by decline of mongol khanates & tamerlane

• relied on gunpowder

what empire was founded by the Osman dynasty

ottoman

what continents did the ottoman empire span across

europe (Balkans), North Africa, Asia (middle east)

how did Mehmet II affect the ottomans

• conquered Constantinople

• expanded into balkans

• strengthened Ottoman navy

• attack italy

how did the Ottomans conquer constantinople under mehmet

• outnumbered their enemy

• cannons

• hauled warships over land to inner harbor

• troops looted an killed people in the city

what helped the Ottomans attack Italy under mehmet

• navy

istanbul

• area ottomans conquered Constantinople and renamed

• prosperous trading location

what did the Ottomans make Venice do under Mehmet II

pay yearly taxes

impacts of Suleiman the magnificent

• penetrated the christian europe

• strengthened ottoman navy

• made a new law system based on sharia

• expanded control of North Africa and middle east

Devshirme

• christian boys from the balkans taken and converted to islam

• promoted by merit

• high-ranking military and government bureaucracy

• loyal to sultan

jobs within devshirme

• janissaries

• bodyguards

• bureaucracy

• administrators of conquered territories

janissaries

• elite group in ottoman army

• infantry with guns

how did ottoman empire legitamize power

• timar

• sharia

• caliph title

• tax farming

timar

• sultan granted land to those he favored

• kept soldiers loyal

• helped with tax collection

sharia

• islamic law that deals with all aspects of life

caliph title

• ruler of the empire and representative of Allah on eart

• sultan gave himself that title

tax farming ottoman empire

• taxes on non-muslims and peasant

• paid an annual sum of goods or money to central government

• tax farmers: collectors of tax who skimmed off the top

millet system

• ottomans granted religious tolerance to minority groups

• groups had own leaders, courts, and education systems

• must be local to sultan

• allow to continue own language and religion

minority groups in ottoman empire

• jewish, Christians (armenians and Greeks)

architecture of the ottoman empire

• topkapi palace: royal residence of sultans

• suleymaniye mosqure in istanbul

ottoman’s achievements

• istanbul - center for arts and learning & discussion of achievements of Arabic and Greek scholars

• miniature painting and illuminated manuscripts became famous

women in ottoman empire

• some enslaved from conquered parts

• harem

• veiled in public

• wealthy confined to separate household quarters

• appear in court and testify

• managed inherited property

harem

• place where powerful man’s wives or concubines lived

• harem politics: where the harem women had political influence

roxelana

• famous wife of suleiman

• had harem politics

• behind assassinations to get her son in the next line of succession

who was the mughal empire founded by

• babur - leader from timurid empire

• descendants of tamerlane and Genghis khan

how did the Mughal empire affect islam

• the empire was a Muslim empire so it further spread Islam in india

how did Akbar affect the Mughal empire

• defeated Hindu armies and expanded southward and westward

• overseas trade flourished and brought the empire wealth

• encouraged art, architecture, literature

• taxes

• tried to stop child marriages and sati

overseas trade in the Mughal empire

• conducted by Arab traders

• traded: textiles, tropical foods, spices, precious stones in exchange for gold and silver

Zamindars

• paid government officials

• kept a portion of taxes collected - untrustworthy

• given land grants instead of salaries

religious tolerance of akbar

• ended jizya tax

• sul-i-kul

• religious discussion with other religious leaders

• gave land to Hindus and sikhs

• gave money for Catholic church in goa

• Din-i-ilahi

• intermarried with hindus

• gave Hindus government postions

Din-i-ilahi

• creation of divine faith to reconcile Hinduism and islam

• religious blend from Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, zoroastrianism

sulhi-i-kul

• non-Muslims have the same right as muslims

taj mahal

• most famous building of the Mughal empire

• shah Jahan built it as a tomb for his wife

What did the Mughal build

• forts

• mosques

• taj mahal

How did Aurangzeb reverse akbar’s policies

• discrimination against hindus

• implemented strict version of islam

• tried to expand further south

how did Aurangzeb bring back discrimination against hindus

• brought back jizya tax

• destroyed hind temples

what is a strict islam

• no alcohol

• no court music

• no gambling