AP World History (ch 5)

__________ were mystics responsible for spreading Islam throughout the Eastern Hemisphere.

Sufis

The Abbasid paradox developed as __________.

Islamic cultural breakthroughs in science and the arts flourished while the Abbasid dynasty declined

Cultural exchanges between Christian Europeans and Muslims in the Abbasid Empire tended to benefit __________.

Christians more than they did Muslims

Which of the following best describes the state of economic affairs during the Abbasid period?

Despite the caliphate's loss of revenue, the professional and merchant classes prospered.

Which of the following became the primary written language in the Abbasid court after external influences began to play a greater role within this Islamic empire?

Persian

Scientific breakthroughs and discoveries by Muslim inventors and scholars __________.

had practical real-world applications

Foreigners who entered India in the centuries before the arrival of Muslims in the late seventh century C.E. tended to __________.

assimilate into existing civilizations on the Indian subcontinent

The initial incursions of Muslim armies and small numbers of settlers who arrived on the Indian subcontinent in the seventh century C.E. meant that __________.

Muslim influences were limited to several confined areas in India

The spread of Islam to regions outside of the Muslim world was accomplished __________.

through a combination of violent and nonviolent methods

Muhammad ibn Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Muhammad of Ghur, and Qutb-ud-din Aibak were all responsible for __________.

placing much of North-Central India under Muslim control

Which of the following helped attract more followers to the Sufi movement?

the belief that Sufis held magical and healing powers

On the Indian subcontinent, most converts to Islam were __________.

indigenous people from low-caste groups or Buddhists

Which of the following advancements was erroneously credited to Arab thinkers although it was initially developed by Hindus in India?

the numbering system

From a world history perspective, why were the islands in Southeast Asia referred to as a middle ground?

Goods from China were shipped to the West from these island ports, which also shipped Western goods east to China.

The Islamic faith initially was brought to the Southeast Asian islands by __________.

Muslim traders coming from various ports in India

After the Buyids, a splinter dynasty from Persia, captured Baghdad in 945 C.E., the Abbasid caliphs __________.

became ceremonial figureheads

An increased demand for slaves and the growing suppression of women in the Abbasid Empire best correspond to the __________ generation in the cycle of dynastic rule conceived by Ibn Khaldun in The Muqaddimah.

second

After its capture by the Mongols in 1258, the Abbasid capital of Baghdad __________.

became a relatively unimportant city

Although Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat is probably the most well-known Persian literature in the Western world, lesser-known poetic works by other contemporary Persian writers __________.

were more profound in thought and elegance

By the eleventh century, Muslim scientific techniques could be described as __________.

sophisticated

During the declining years of the Abbasid caliphate, Sufi missionaries and Muslim traders both played a major role in __________.

continuing the spread of Muslim culture and the Islamic religion to other regions

Muslim rulers appointed __________ to govern the largely non-Muslim population they conquered in India.

Hindu officials

Which of the following religious traditions was associated with Islam?

monotheistic worship of a transcendent god

Hinduism's acceptance of inborn differences between individuals validated their belief in __________.

the caste system

Muslim rulers in India who proclaimed themselves to be of divine origin and minted coins with images related to Shiva and other gods demonstrated their __________.

adoption of regal styles and practices inspired by Hindus

Recasting Islamic doctrines with a heavily magical mode in India and Southeast Asia and retaining ancestral spirits as emissaries to Allah in Africa and Western China demonstrated that converts new to Islam__________.

determined which traditional aspects of their own culture were retained after conversion

Muslim mystic Kabir was addressing which of the following ideas when he wrote the following lines?

"I am neither in temple nor in mosque: Neither am I in rites and ceremonies, nor Yoga and renunciation."

All faiths, despite their ritual differences, provide a path to spiritual fulfillment.

What conclusion can be reached about the Muslim presence in South Asia after its initial arrival there?

South Asia remained one of the least converted and integrated areas where Islam was established.

How did the trading empire of Shrivijaya contribute to the spread of Islam throughout the islands of Southeast Asia?

Shrivijaya's collapse promoted greater incentives to establish Muslim trading centers and to preach this religion to the coastal peoples living there.

Southeast Asia was relatively unaffected by Islam because __________ remained the dominant religion among its people.

Buddhism

What was one irony about the Abbasid dynasty during most of its existence as an empire?

Mercenary slaves controlled the government.

How did the caliphs who ruled the Abbasid Empire contribute directly to the decline and collapse of their own dynasty?

As they moved away from the instability in Baghdad, they established new capitals that drained their treasury.

Conflicts between the Shi'a and Sunnis in the Abbasid Empire reveal that __________.

different Islamic sects often battled each other

One conclusion that Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun made in The Muqaddimah is that, as an empire gets further away from its nomadic beginnings, its inhabitants __________.

lose group cohesiveness and become more dependent on protection by others and a luxurious lifestyle

What is one generalization that can be made about the role of women during the Abbasid era?

lose group cohesiveness and become more dependent on protection by others and a luxurious lifestyle

The epic poem Shah-Nama dramatically recounts the story of __________.

Persian history

What might be inferred from the following passage written by the poet Sa'di?

"A tiny child cannot walk out alone, / For it is difficult to take a way not seen; / You too, poor friend, are but a child upon endeavour's way: / Go, seize the skirts of those who know the way!"

Everydaylife and religious situations go hand in hand.

How were science and religion entwined in the Islamic world during the late Abbasid era?

Orthodox Islamic scholars, such as the ulama, grew suspicious of non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking, fearing they would undermine the Qur'an's absolute authority.

Muslim theologian __________ struggled, and frequently failed, to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions to keep with the Islamic belief that the Qur'an was the final complete revelation of all-knowing divinity.

al-Ghazali

Unlike the ulama, Sufis perceived Allah as __________.

having a greater presence in the world

The persistent failure of Indian rulers to unite against common aggressors before the seventh century C.E., coupled with a higher standard of living that attracted these migrants, meant generally that __________.

with the exception of periodic violence, the existing social order in India remained relative intact

Beginning in the eleventh century, a larger influx of Muslim migration, settlement, and political domination began with the arrival of __________.

Turkic invaders from Afghanistan

As the Muslim presence in India grew, initial interaction with indigenous civilizations was __________.

often violent

The new waves of Muslims who arrived in India after the seventh century meant that indigenous civilizations there encountered a __________.

civilization that was just as sophisticated as they were

Which of the following best summarizes the contrasting beliefs that Muslims and Hindus had about religion and society?

Islam was a more rigid faith than Hinduism but proclaimed all believers to be equal.

After the Muslims established control in Northern India through the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, the largest Muslim communities on the subcontinent were located in __________.

the Bengal region in Eastern India and the northwest areas of the Indus Valley

The small number of converts to Islam found in the Indo-Gangetic centers of Muslim political power implies that __________.

the government played little to no role in forced conversions

When Al-Biruni wrote that "The Hindus believe that there is no country but theirs, ... no religion like theirs, no science like theirs," he was suggesting that they __________.

perceived Muslim invaders as upstarts and outcastes

How did the Muslim influx into India affect women living there?

Muslim adoption of Hindu practices toward women negatively impacted the female population on the subcontinent.

The bhakti movement helped prevent greater numbers of Hindus from converting to Islam by __________.

increasing popular involvement in Hindu worship that emphasized strong emotional bonds between devotees and a specific god or goddess

Most who converted to Islam did so peacefully because they believed that adopting this new faith would __________.

enrich their lives in multiple ways

How did the ulama and Sufi saints respond to the increasing threat that Hinduism posed to Islam in India?

They began to stress Islamic teachings that separated Islam from Hinduism.

Most of the products shipped from the islands in Southeast Asia to China, India, and the Mediterranean region were __________.

luxury items

Islamic conversions in the islands of Southeast Asia demonstrated that conversion was most successful when __________ became the first areas to accept Islam.

port cities in coastal areas

Which of the following exemplifies how pre-Muslim traditions and rituals were incorporated into Muslim cultural practices in the Southeast Asian islands?

Javanese puppet shadow plays