social psychology chapter three

system one

the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

system two

the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking

priming

activating particular associations in memory

embodied cognition

the mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments

automatic possessing

implicit thinking is effortless, habitual, and without arranges; roughly corresponds to intuition, also known as system one

controlled processing

"explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious

overconfidence phenomenon

the tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of ones belief's

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

heuristic

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

representativeness heuristic

the tendency to presume; sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member -

comparing event to an existing prototype in our minds

availability heuristic

a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

rely on info that comes to the mind quickly

counterfactual thinking

imaging alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't

illusory correlation

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

regression toward the average

the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward ones average

belief perseverance

persistence of ones initial conceptions, such as when the basis for ones belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives

misinformation effect

incorporating misinformation into ones memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

Misattribution

mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

attribution theory

the theory of how people explain others behaviors - for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations

dispositional attribution

attributing behavior to the persons disposition and traits

situational attribution

attributing behavior to the environment

spontaneous trait inference

an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someones behavior

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behavior

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

behavioral confirmation

a type of self ruffling prophecy whereby peoples social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations