World History Study Guide: Chapters 25, 26, and 28

Vocabulary flashcards covering key topics, figures, dates, and historical terms from Chapters 25, 26, and 28 study guides on Africa, East Asia, and Western Revolutions.

United States 13th Amendment (1865)

The constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that officially abolished slavery in the United States.

North v. South American Differences in Slave Conditions

The distinct contrasts in demographics, labor demands, living conditions, and mortality rates experienced by enslaved populations in North America compared to South America.

Sunni Ali

The ruler who consolidated and expanded the Songhay Empire through military campaigns in West Africa.

Songhay Empire

A prominent West African empire that succeeded the Mali Empire and controlled key trans-Saharan trade routes.

King Afonso I (Kongo)

The ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo who converted to Christianity and dealt extensively with Portuguese trade and the expanding slave trade.

Economic Causes for End of Slavery

The financial and labor shifts, including the rise of industrial manufacturing and the declining profitability of plantation systems, that contributed to the abolition of slavery.

Timbuktu

A renowned Islamic learning center and major trading hub in West Africa.

Islam in Africa

The historical expansion, synthesis, and development of Islamic religious traditions, education, and legal systems across the African continent.

Triangular Trade

The three-legged transatlantic commercial network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, which traded European manufactured goods, enslaved Africans, and plantation commodities.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (Volume)

The forced displacement and transportation of approximately 12 million Africans to the Americas.

Plantation Labor in the Americas

The primary agricultural labor regime where the vast majority of enslaved Africans were forced to work.

Portuguese Slave Traders

The first European merchants to initiate and engage in the trans-Atlantic African slave trade.

Ming and Qing Dynasty Technological Stance

An imperial policy characterized by a deep devotion to tradition and an active aversion to technological innovation.

European Exploration and Trade in East Asia

The commercial activities and maritime arrival of Europeans in East Asia, which exerted notable social and economic effects on local societies.

Corruption and Indulgence of Ming Dynasty Emperors

The internal decadence, political neglect, and corruption among imperial rulers that weakened the Ming Dynasty from within.

Civil Service Examination

The merit-based imperial examination system in East Asia that provided a pathway for upward social mobility.

"Son of Heaven"

A title referring to a human ruler designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on earth, applied to East Asian emperors.

Matteo Ricci

An influential Christian missionary who traveled to East Asia to introduce Christianity to imperial China.

Scholar-bureaucrats

Educated imperial officials who managed the day-to-day administrative governance of the empire after passing the civil service examinations.

Seven Year's War (1756–1763)

A major conflict resulting in a British victory that shifted the global balance of imperial power and heightened fiscal tensions in the colonies.

American Declaration of Independence

The foundational revolutionary document heavily shaped by Enlightenment concepts of natural rights and political liberty.

John Locke

An Enlightenment philosopher whose writings on natural rights, social contracts, and representative government deeply inspired Western revolutions.

Second Treatise of Civil Government

The influential political treatise by John Locke arguing that legitimate authority requires the consent of the governed and the protection of basic rights.

Radicalism in the French Revolution

The historical observation that the French Revolution was significantly more radical, violent, and transformative than the American Revolution.

The Enlightenment

An eighteenth-century intellectual movement centered on reason, human rights, individualism, and criticism of traditional political authority.

French Involvement in the American Revolution

The vital military, naval, and financial assistance provided by France to American revolutionaries fighting against Great Britain.

Popular Sovereignty

The political principle advanced by Western revolutionaries asserting that legitimate governmental power originates from the consent of the people.

Ancien Régime

The traditional monarchical and aristocratic social order in France that revolutionary leaders sought to replace.

French National Assembly

The revolutionary legislative body formed by the Third Estate in 1789 to represent the populace and draft constitutional reforms.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

The landmark French revolutionary document asserting the universal civil rights, liberty, and equality of all citizens.

King Louis XVI (1754–1793)

The French absolute monarch who ruled during the outbreak of the French Revolution and was executed in 1793.

Napolean's Invasion of Russia (1812)

The catastrophic military offensive launched in 1812 that decimated Napoleon's Grand Army and marked the beginning of his downfall.

Haitian Slave Revolt

The uprising in Haiti recognized as the only successful slave revolt in history.

Toussaint Louverture

The primary military and political leader of the Haitian Revolution who led enslaved people to victory against colonial powers.

Klemens von Metternich (Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815)

The conservative Austrian statesman who guided the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) to restore balance and traditional monarchies across post-Napoleonic Europe.

Conservative Ideology

A political philosophy emphasizing social stability, tradition, monarchy, and established institutions in opposition to rapid revolutionary changes.