Lab 9 - Respiratory System

What makes up the conducting zone?

bronchi —> bronchioles —> terminal bronchioles

What makes up the transitional and respiratory zones?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Nasopharynx

superior nasal concha and superior nasal meatus

middle nasal concha and middle nasal meatus

inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus

hard palate

soft palate

uvula

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

provides for the passage of air from the nasal cavity; tonsils in the region provide protection against pathogens

What is the function of the oropharynx?

provides for the passage of air and swallowed food; tonsils provide protecting against pathogens

What is the function of the laryngopharynx?

provides for the passage of air and swallowed food

What is the structure of the nasopharynx?

• superior portion of the pharynx located posterior to the nasal cavity

• lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

• the pharyngeal tonsil and openings of the pharyngotympanic tubes (surrounded by tubal tonsils) located here

What is the structure of the oropharynx?

• located posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis

• lined with stratified squamous epithelium

• lateral walls contain palatine tonsils

• lingual tonsils are in the anterior oropharynx at the base of the tongue

What is the structure of the laryngopharynx?

• extends from the epiglottis to the larynx

• lined with stratified squamous epithelium

• diverges into respiratory and digestive branches

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

esophagus

trachea

soft palate

tongue

lingual tonsil

hyoid bone

epiglottis

vestibular fold

thyroid cartilage

vocal fold

cricoid cartilage

thyroid gland

body of hyoid bone

thyroid cartilage

epiglottis

cricoid cartilage

tracheal cartilages

vestibular fold

Vestibular fold is the ______ vocal cord.

false

Thyroid cartilage

vocal fold

Vocal fold is the _____ vocal cord.

true

What is the structure of the larynx?

• tube connecting the laryngopharynx and trachea

• 9 cartilages present

• epithelium above the vocal folds in stratified squamous

• epithelium below the vocal folds in pseudostratified ciliated columnar

What is the function of the larynx?

• air passageway

• prevents food from entering the lower respiratory tract

• responsible for voice production

What is the structure of the thyroid cartilage?

• large cartilage made up of hyaline cartilage

• it’s laryngeal prominence is called Adam’s apple

What is the function of the thyroid cartilage?

forms the framework of the larynx

What is the structure of the cricoid cartilage?

a single ring of hyaline cartilage located below the thyroid cartilage and above the trachea

What is the function of the cricoid cartilage?

attaches the larynx to the trachea via the cricotracheal ligament

What is the structure of the arytenoid cartilage?

paired pyramid-shaped hyaline cartilage

What is the function of the arytenoid cartilage?

anchor the vocal folds (aka true vocal cords)

What is the structure of the epiglottis?

a single flap of elastic cartilage anchored to the inner rim of the thyroid cartilage

What is the function of the epiglottis?

“guardian of the airways” —> forms a lid over the larynx during swallowing

What is the structure of the vocal folds?

mucosal folds composed of mostly elastic fibers covered with mucous membrane, attached to the arytenoid cartilage

What is the function of the vocal folds?

vibrate with expired air for sound production

trachea

carina

hyaline cartilage

Why is it important that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings?

Why is it important that the rings are incomplete posteriorly?

alveolar duct

respiratory bronchioles

alveoli

terminal bronchiole

alveolar sac

respiratory bronchiole

alveolar duct

alveoli

alveolar sac

respiratory membrane

alveoli

red blood cell in capillary

red blood cell

respiratory membrane

How can pneumonia affect the amount of oxygen in the blood?

trachea

thymus

apex of lung

heart (in mediastinum cavity)

diaphragm

base of lung

cardiac notch

intercostal muscle

rib

parietal pleura

pleural cavity

visceral pleura

right lung

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

pleural cavity

pericardial membranes

sternum

vertebra

esophagus (in medisastinum)

left main bronchus

left pulmonary artery

left pulmonary vein

left lung

thoracic wall