SPA 127 chapter 3

Anatomy

study of body structures and their relationships

Phsiology

Study of how organisms and body structure function

True or False: Abnormalities or diseases can interfere with eating, drinking, swallowing or talking

True

Three Physiological Subsystems of Speech

Respiratory System

Laryngeal System

Upper airway system

Respiratory System

-Moves air in/out

-Supports gas exchange, coughing, swallowing, coordination

-Provides driving force for speech production

Laryngeal System

Airway protecting valve that protects the lower airways and is a sound generator for speech

Upper airway System

Includes the pharynx (throat), velopharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavities

Supports feeding, swallowing, resonance, and articulation

Primary Function of the respiratory system

Supply oxygen to the blood

remove excess carbon dioxide

Secondary Function of the respiratory system

Speech production

Pulmonary apparatus

consists of pulmonary airways and lungs

True or False: Pulmonary apparatus and chest wall are not linked toghether

False

Lungs

Organs of breathing: a pair of cone-shaped spongy structures that are highly elastic and can change in size and shape to allow us to breathe

Trachea

A tube composed of 16-20 horseshoe-shaped cartilages that extend from the larynx through the neck into the torso

-divides into left and right main-stem bronchi

-Successive branches terminate at alveoli(tiny air sacs were gas exchange occurs)

Ribcage wall

bone and cartilage that surround the lungs (12 pairs of ribs)

Diaphragm

Dome-shaped muscle of inspiration

Composed of a nonelastic central tendon and a rim of muscle fibers

Contracts during inspiration, pulls downward and forward, and flattens, enlarging the thorax vertically

Pulls air in due to negative pressure

Abdominal wall

Vertebral column at the back that extends from the bottom of the ribcage wall to the coccyx and pelvic girdle

Inspiratory muscles

generally above the diaphragm

takes air in

Expiratory muscles

Generally below the diaphragm

Pushes air out

External Intercostals

Muscles in the spaces between the outer portions of the ribs

Elevate the ribcage when they contract; increase size of the thorax

Internal Intercostals

muscles in the internal portions of the rib interspaces

pull downward on the ribcage when they contract, decreasing the size of the thorax which creates positive pressure and pushes air out

Abdominal muscles

Assist the diaphragm movement back to its relaxed position

Tidal Breathing

Occurs most of the time

Inspiration

• Motor commands from the respiratory brainstem centers activate the diaphragm.

• Diaphragm contracts, chest wall expands, lungs expand, alveolar pressure decreases.

• Causes air to rush in and equalize with atmospheric pressure.

Expiration

• Decrease in the size of the rib cage wall, compression of the lungs, increase in pressure in the lungs, air rushes out to achieve equilibrium with atmospheric pressure.

• Expiration during quiet breathing is relatively passive.

What happens to the diaphragm during speech breathing?

The diaphragm contracts, leading to rapid, forceful inspirations.

How does the length of inspiration compare to expiration during speech breathing?

Inspirations are much shorter than expirations.

What is the difference between quiet breathing and speech breathing?

Quiet breathing has a more regular inspiration-expiration pattern, while speech breathing involves quick inspirations and longer, controlled expirations.

What is the primary biological function of the larynx?

To prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea and lungs.

What prevents substances from entering the lower airways during swallowing?

Active closure of the laryngeal valve.

How does the larynx help protect the airway from foreign objects?

It can build up air pressure for forceful expulsion of foreign objects through coughing.

What is the larynx?

An air valve located in the front of the neck, composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissues.

What is the primary role of the larynx in speech production?

It is the primary sound generator for voice and speech production.

Where is the larynx located?

Between the trachea and pharynx.

Where are the vocal folds located?

Inside the larynx.

Where are the vocal folds attached?

To the thyroid cartilage at the front and the arytenoid cartilages at the back.

What are the vocal folds primarily made of?

Muscle and a vocal ligament.

What does abduction of the vocal folds mean?

The vocal folds move apart.

When do the vocal folds abduct? What does adduction of the vocal folds mean?

During respiration (breathing). The vocal folds come together.

Glottis

Space between vocal folds

Where is the larynx located in newborns?

: It is small and high in the neck.

At what age does the larynx reach its final position?

Between 10 and 20 years of age.

Why do adult males generally have lower-pitched voices?

Their vocal folds are typically longer and more massive.

What happens to men's vocal pitch with advanced age?

Pitch tends to increase, likely due to muscle loss.

What happens to women's vocal pitch with advanced age?

Pitch tends to decrease, likely due to edema and hormonal changes.

What three cavities make up the upper airway system?

Oral cavity, nasal cavities, and pharyngeal cavity.

What do the structures of the upper airway system form?

The vocal tract.

What is the vocal tract?

A resonant acoustic tube that shapes sound energy produced by the respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds.

What is the function of the vocal tract during speech production?

To shape and modify sound into recognizable speech sounds.

What is the tongue important for?

: Swallowing and speech production.

What are the five parts of the tongue?

Tip, blade, body, dorsum/back, and root.

What is the tip of the tongue?

The frontmost part of the tongue.

What is the blade of the tongue?

The area immediately behind the tongue tip.

What is the body of the tongue?

The main central portion of the tongue.

What is the pharynx?

A muscular tube extending from the base of the skull toward the larynx.

What structures connect with the pharynx?

The nasal cavities, oral cavity, and entrance to the larynx.

What are the three cavities of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

What is the nasopharynx?

The upper portion of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity.

. What happens to the velum during swallowing and certain speech sounds?

It elevates and closes off the nasal cavity from the pharyngeal cavity.

What is velopharyngeal closure?

The closure between the soft palate and pharyngeal walls that separates the nasal and oral passages.

Why is velopharyngeal closure important?

It helps prevent food or liquid from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing and controls nasal airflow during speech.

What does the speech production process begin with according to the slides?

Phonation.

What is phonation?

The production of voice through vocal fold vibration.

What is subglottal pressure?

Air pressure that builds up beneath the adducted vocal folds.

What happens when subglottal air pressure builds beneath the vocal folds?

The pressure pushes the vocal folds apart, allowing air to pass through.

Rectus abdnomis. inspiration or expiration

expiration

External intercostals. inspiration or expiration

inspiration

Diaphragm inspiration or experation

inspiration

Internal Intercostals inspiration or experation

experation

Air flows from areas of ______preasure to areas of ________low pressure

high, low

What are the two primary Functions of the larynx

-Primary sound generator for voice and speech production

-Prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea and lungs

What does the diaphragm do during inspiration and experation?

contracts-Inspiration

Relaxes-experation

Epiglottis

leaf-like structure that folds over the larynx

Thyroid

protective cartilage/adams apple

Glottis

Space between vocal folds

Arytenoids

Pyramid- like structures that adjust the shape of the vocal folds

Pharynx

throat

1

Nasal cavity

2

Alveolar Ridge

3

Hard Pallete

4

velum

5

uvula

6

Pharynx

7

Larynopharynx

8

Epiglottis

9

Larynx

10

tongue

11

Trachea