Physical Interventions - Ultrasound

deep heat

what modality use of ultrasound is most relevent

epiphyseal, joint replacements, pacemaker, skin anesthesia

some primary contraindications for ultrasound use are _____________ areas in young children, total ____________ ______________, metal, malignancy, pregnancy, ______________, thrombophlebitis, ____________ _____________, and active infection

deep ache

keeping the ultrasound head over bony prominences has potential to cause what feeling

adhesive capsulitis, scarring

some common indications for ultrasound are joint contracture, __________ __________ in shoulder, ____________ or stiffness, sprains, tendonitis, tissue repair

heating, pain

ultrasound such be used as a modality for ___________, NOT for _____________

phonophoresis

ultrasound used to drive topical application of selected medication into the tissues

hydrocortisone

what is the most frequently used medication in ultrasound phonophoresis

pulsed

if the goal of using phonophoresis is to reduce inflammation, __________ ultrasound may be the better choice during administration

2-3

the area being treated should be ___________ times larger than the effective radiating area of the crystal in the transducer

0.1-0.4 W/cm2

what should the intensity be if your goal is a mechanical/cellular non-thermal effect

0.5-2.0 W/cm2

what should the intensity be if your goal is a thermal effect

duty cycle

if you want to maximize effects of non-thermal ultrasound, what can you modify

immersion (indirect) technique

this technique/strategy is good for treating irregular surfaces/bony regions

bladder technique

this technique is not widely recommended, but is good for treating irregular surfaces and uses a bag filled with water and coated with gel

therapeutic ultrasound

inaudible, acoustic vibrations of high frequency that produce either thermal or non-thermal (mechanical) physiological effects

acoustic

ultrasound is _________ energy

molecular

ultrasound relies on _____________ collision for transmission -- these collisions cause displacement and waves of vibration

depth

lower frequencies have a greater ____________

superficial

higher frequencies reach more ___________ tissues

attenuation

decrease in energy intensity or wave amplitude as US wave travels through tissues -- to weaken or reduce in force, intensity, effect, quantity, or value

completely reflected

when the transducer is held only to air, the waves are ____________ _____________

refraction

sound waves traveling through materials at an angle will bend when they encounter a different material of greater or lesser density

reverse piezoelectric effect

as alternating current passes through the crystal it expands and contracts, producing therapeutic ultrasound waves

W/cm2

what unit is the most common intensity indicator

pulsed

use the duty cycle to create __________ waves

effective radiating area (ERA)

that portion of the surface of the transducer that actually produces the sound wave

slower, deeper

1.0 MHz frequency indicates a __________ and ___________ penetration of sound waves

faster, superficial

3.0 MHz frequency indicates a _____________ and more _______________ penetration of sound waves

same

3 MHz frequency at 0.5 W/cm2 intensity travels at the __________ depth as 3.0 MHz frequency at 1.5 W/cm2 intensity

frequency

depth of penetration of sound waves is ___________ dependent

3-5 cm

1 MHz transmitted through the superficial layer is absorbed at __________

1-2 cm

3 MHz is absorbed superficially at __________________

intensity

rate at which energy is delivered per unit area

mild heating

increase 1 C accelerates metabolic rate in tissue

moderate heating

increase of 2-3 C reduces muscle spasm, pain, chronic inflammation, and increases blood flow

vigorous heating

increase of 3-4 C increases extensibility of collagen and decrease in joint stiffness

per minute

ultrasound rate of heating is set ___________ ______________

0.04, 0.3

at an intensity of 0.5 W/cm2, what is the temperature of 1MHz and 3MHz respectively

0.2, 0.6

at an intensity of 1.0 W/cm2, what is the temperature of 1MHz and 3MHz respectively

0.3, 0.9

at an intensity of 1.5 W/cm2, what is the temperature of 1MHz and 3MHz respectively

0.4, 1.4

at an intensity of 2.0 W/cm2, what is the temperature of 1MHz and 3MHz respectively