Introduction/Infectious disease; Zoonotic Disease; Cells & Tissue

Homeostasis

the body’s internal state of balance, or equilibrium

Bodily Fluids

Approximately 60% of an animal’s body is comprised of water/ Found in all cells, tissues, organs, blood, and lymph fluid

Normal hydration

water out = water in

Water loss

insensible water loss (respiration/skin); sweating, urinating/defecating; vomiting/diarrhea, hemorrhage, increased body temperature

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

inside a cell (⅔ of TBW)

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

surrounding a cell’s environment (⅓ of TBW)

Intravascular fluid

Blood and lymph fluid (within vessels)

Interstitial fluid

fluid outside the blood vascular system, surrounding the cells & tissues

Solutes

particles dissolved in a solution, or within body fluids

Electrolytes

A chemical substance that carries an electrical charge

Acid/ Acids are < 7 pH

a compound that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in a solution

Base/ Bases are > 7 pH (alkaline)

compounds that can accept a hydrogen ion/release hydroxyl ion (OH^- )

Osmolality

the measurement of the solute concentration in fluids

High Blood osmolality

causes increased thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland

Low Blood osmolality

suppresses thirst and suppresses release of ADH

Movement of Bodily Fluids

Changes in osmolality causes water to move between fluid compartments

Diffusion

movement of molecules down a concentration gradient (from higher to lower concentration)

Facilitated Diffusion

selective carrier proteins are required to assist in movement of larger molecules across concentration gradient

Osmosis

passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low to higher concentration

Filtration

movement of liquid and small molecules by hydrostatic pressure (i.e. blood pressure)

Cytosis

Transport mechanism for movement of molecules into and out of cells

Endocytosis

Cellular process of how substances are brought into a cell

phagocytosis

white blood cells (macrophages and neutrophils) remove debris

 pinocytosis/ cell drinking

Cellular process of how substances are brought into a cell- Liquid

Exocytosis

Export of substances from inside a cell to the extracellular space

Excretion

exocytosis of waste products

Secretion

exocytosis of manufactured molecules

Inflammation

acute stage

Organization

formation of granulation tissue; subacute stage

Regeneration/Fibrosis

epithelialization or formation of scar tissue; chronic stage

Control of hemorrhage

release of heparin/histamine followed by vasodilation to allow increased blood flow to injured area

Wound repair

occurs during phagocytosis

Granulation tissue

forms; “healthy tissue”

Proud flesh

thickened granulation tissue in a horse that grows above the epithelial layer

Epithelialization

a new layer of epithelial tissue forms over granulation tissue

Fibrous adhesions

a form of scar tissue that may occur in the abdomen or thorax in response to an injury or surgical repair

First intention wound repair

edges of the wound are apposed

Second intention wound repair

edges of the wound are separated and require granulation tissue formation to heal; results in scar tissue formation (**clinically relevant

Bacteria

Microscopic, single-celled organisms with no nucleus

Cocci

pherical in shape; i.e. staphylococcus

Rods

bacillus, i.e. E. coli

Spiral

ncludes spirochetes (tight spiral), i.e. Lyme disease

Leptospirosis

spirochete bacteria

Pseudomonas

rod-shaped bacteria; often resistant to certain antibiotics; e.g. urinary/ear infections

Staphylococcus

many species; e.g. skin infections (cocci)

Viruses

A microscopic infective agent that contains its own genetic material (DNA or RNA); do not contain a nucleus

Fungi

any of a diverse group of eukaryotic* single-celled or multinucleate organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing the organic material in which they grow

Antifungals

fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole

Fomite

an inanimate object that, when contaminated with an infectious agent can transfer the disease to a new host

Intestinal helminths

include roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms, strongyles

Intestinal protozoa

include Giardia, coccidia

Ectoparasites

include fleas, mites, ticks, lice, maggots, cuterebra

Vascular

include Dirofilaria (heartworm), Babesia, Mycoplasma

Zoonoses

re diseases that can spread from animals to humans

Leptospirosis

a bacteria that causes kidney and liver disease; typically spread via urine of infected animals; also lives in moist soil/water

Roundworms (Toxocara canis/cati)

intestinal parasite common in puppies/kittens