Cell Anatamy

What are the 3 parts of cell theory?

Cells are the smallest living unit; all organisms contain cells; cells come from exiting cells

Prokaryotic cells

Most primitive, simplest of cells - BACTERIA (DNA is in a region called Nucleoid)

Eukaryotic cells

More complex , various sizes & shapes - EVERYTHING ELSE (DNA is enclosed in the Nucleus)

Please Don’t Crush Ribs

Plasma membrane

DNA

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

cell’s outer boundary; Selective boundary

• Separates the cell from its surrounding environment

• Regulates substances moving into and out of the cell

• allows the proper environment for cellular metabolism

DNA

Genetic material

Nucleoid

region, no membrane around it

Nucleus

membrane-bound structure

Ribosome

Makes protein / protein synthesis

Bi

Two

Bilayer

Two layers of phospholipids

Hydrophilic head

Attracted to water

hydrophobic tails

avoid water

Hydrophobic region location

in the interior core of cell membranes

hydrophilic region location

on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane, facing the watery fluid both inside and outside the cell

Nucleus

Stores most of the cell’s DNA and helps control cell activity

Nuclear envelope (membrane)

Membrane surrounding the nucleus

Nuclear pores

Little openings that regulate what enters/leaves the nucleus

Nucleolus

makes ribosomal components

Chromatin

loose/uncoiled DNA + proteins

Chromosomes

Tightly condensed chromatin, especially during cell division

Cytosol

Liquid

Cytoplasm

liquid + stuff

Organelle

A specialized cell structure that performs a specific job

Ribosomes ‘

Makes proteins

Cytoskeleton

Shape, internal organization, movement

Centrioles

helps organize structures involved in cell division

Mitochondira

ATP production/cellular energy

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has:

Ribosomes attached

Rough = Ribosomes = proteins

Smooth ER

NO ribosomes. Lipids + detox

Golgi apparatus

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids into vesicles

lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes / Cell garbage disposal / recycling center

Vesicles

• Transport

• secretion

• storage

Peroxisome

Detox + oxidative breakdown

Cilia

Short and numerous; can move material across a cell surface

Flagellum

longer, usually fewer; can move the entire cell

Cholesterol

Sits between the phospholipids / helps keep the membrane stable but flexible

Integral proteins

IN the membrane

• channels or carriers as transport

• Receptors

• enzymes

Peripheral proteins

sit on the inner or outer surface of the membrane rather than passing deeply through it

• Cell support

• signaling

• enzyme activity

Carbohydrate side chains

Stick out from the outside surface of the cell

Help with cell recognition and communication

microvilli

Tiny finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane

Increases surface area

Fluid

The phospholipids and many membrane components can move sideways within the membrane so the membrane isn’t rigid

What does Mosaic mean?

The membrane is not a uniform sheet; instead, it is a "sea" of lipids embedded with a scattered, diverse mix of proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

What does phospholipid bilayer mean?

a double layer of lipid molecules that forms the fundamental structure of every cell membrane.

why is the plasma membrane described as a mosaic ?

composed of a patchwork of diverse, embedded molecules—such as [proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates]—that are scattered throughout a phospholipid bilayer

Red blood cell

Shape: flattened/biconcave disc

A lot of surface area for exchanging gases and helps the cell squeeze through tiny blood vessels

Sperm cell

Has:

• a head

• lots of mitochondria in the midpiece

• long flagellum

Fluellin provides movement, while mitochondria supply ATP for that movement.

Neuron

Their long extension allow them to send and receive signals across distances

Simple squamous epithelial cell

Very thin and flat

Cell shape supports cell function

External boundary; regulates flow in/out

Plasma membrane

Contains digestive enzymes

Lysosome

Scattered throughout cell: Major ATP

Mitochondria

Slender membrane extension increasing surface area

Microvilli

Flattened sacs + vesicles; packages proteins for export

Golgi apparatus

Control center; necessary for cell division/life

Nucleus

Two rod-shaped bodies near nucleus; basis of cilia

centrioles

Dense dark nuclear body; ribosome packaging/production site

nucleolus

Membranous system with rough and smooth varieties

endoplasmic reticulum

attached to membranes or free in cytoplasm; makes protein

ribosomes

Thread like material in nucleus containing DNA

Chromatin

Site of detoxification of harmful chemicals

Smooth ER

1.

Phospholipid bilay

2.

hydrophilic head

3.

Hydrophobic tail

4.

integral protein

5.

Peripheral protein

6.

channel protein

7.

cholesterol

8.

Glycoprotein