energy and enzymes

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed and can only be transferred and transformed

what happens if a product has a shorter and stronger covalent bonds than the reactants

the potential energy in the bonds decrease

what is gibbs free energy

it determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or requires added energy to proceed

what is the standard free-energy change equation

ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

ΔG < 0 is what type of reaction

spontaneous

what is energetic coupling

its between exergonic and endergonic reactions

what is reduction-oxidation reactions

couples half reaction involving electron transfer

is reduction the gain or loss of electrons

the gain

how can electrons be transferred

they can be transferred from an electron donor to an electron acceptor

how does flavin adenine dinucleotide work

it accepts two electrons plus two protons to form FADH²

how does nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide work

accepts two electrons plus one proton to form NADH

what is ATP hydrolysis

a substrate level phosphorylation

how does ATP hydrolysis work

by directly adding a phosphate group to another molecule and it changes proteins shape or increases reactivity

what are enzymes to protein

catalysts

what is induced fit

reactants brought together in precise orientations and strains bonds

what is saturation

plateau where nearly all active sites are occupied by substrate

what is competitive inhibition

when a molecule competes with the substrate for the active site

what is allosteric regulations

when a molecules binds at a location other than the active site

what can happen during allosteric regulation

can cause a change in enzyme shape also can activate or deactivate the enzyme

what does ethanol block?

blocks formaldehyde production from methanol

is malate competitive

yes its a competitive inhibitor of succinic dehydrogenase

what is metabolic pathways

a series of reactions, each catalyzed by a different enzyme

what is a catabloic pathway

it breaks down molecules

what is catabolic pathways used for

recycling, release of energy, and it stored in energy intermediates

what is anabolic pathways

synthesizes molecules

what is the equation for catabolic pathways

E.g. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂  6CO₂ + 6 H₂O

what is anabolic pathways used for

promotes synthesis and are endergonic and it MUST be couples to exgergonic reactions

what is the equation for anabolic pathways

6CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

what is feedback inhibition

an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the final product of that pathway

what is cofactors

its inorganic ions and reversibly interact with enzymes

what elements are cofactors

Zn²+, Mg²+, and Fe²+

what are coenzymes

organic molecules that interact with enzymes

what elements are coenzymes

NADH and FADH(subscript)2

what are prosthetic groups

non-amino acid atoms or molecules that are permanently attached to proteins

why are enzyme functions dependent on certain conditions

temperature affects the folding and movement of the enzyme and its substrate, and the pH affects the enzymes shape and reactivity