Medical terminology lecture 5: integumentary and musculoskeletal systems

Dermat means

skin

oste means

bone

my means

muscle

arthr means

joint

five functions of integumentary system

1 protection

2 temperature regulation

3 sensation

4 elimination (sweating out body waste)

5 vitamin D synthesis

what does the integumentary system consist of?

skin and its layers, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

layers of the skin

epidermis - stratum basale (deepest) and stratum corneum (superficial)

dermis- capillaries, lymphatic channels, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands

subcutaneous- adipose tissue that insulates and protects deeper tissues. sweat glands and hair roots extend down into it from the dermis

what are the glands of integumentary system?

sudoriferous- sweat glands (temp regulation and removes wastes like salts, ammonia, and urea)

sebaceous- oil glands- sebum (lubricates hair and keeps skin soft and waterproof)

ceruminous- cerumen is ear wax

what gives hair its colour

melanocytes which produce melanin

ecchymosis

bruise (bluish-black discoloration)

contusion

closed injury without break in skin

petechiae

small pinpoint hemorrhages of the skin (severe trauma or infections like meningitis)

blister

small thin-walled skin lesion containing clear fluid

fissure

crack-like sore or groove in the skin or mucous membrane

abcess

localized collection of pus in any part of body

boil

localized pus-producing infection originating deep in a hair follicle

febrile means

marked by fever

cyanosis

blue discoloration from ischemia (no flow) or hypoxia (no oxygen)

erythema

redness of skin due to capillary dilation

pallor

paleness from loss of perfusion

pruritus

itchiness REMEMBER IT’S SPELT PRURI-TUS NOT -TIS

urticaria

Hives- irritated patches w redness and severe itching

gangrene

death of tissue, usually from ischemia, bacterial invasion, putrefaction

how do we assess skin?

cyanosis, erythema, pallor, diaphoresis- color and moisture

dermatitis

inflammation of skin

eczema

acute/chronic inflammatory condition of the skin

psoriasis

chronic, non-infectious disorder. silvery-white scales over round, raised, reddened plaques, producing itching

vitiligo

non-pigmented white patches of varying sizes (albino patch in black for example)

albino

marked deficiency of pigment in eyes, hair and skin

alopecia

partial or complete loss of hair

bedsore

inflammation, sore or ulcer over a bony prominence from loss of blood supply due to prolonger pressure (presure sore/ulcer)

curettage

scraping material from wall of cavity or surface; removing abnormal tissue or unwanted material

debridement

removal of debris, foreign objects and damaged or necrotic tissue from a wound to prevent infection and promote healing

skin graft

tissue from a donor site placed on a recipient site, giving skin’s protective function to an area that cannot regenerate (like third-degree burns)

escharatomy

incision into burn eschar that relieves tightness, promotes blood flow, and prevents gangrene

five functions of skeletal system

1 framework

2 protection

3 attachment

4 storage - calcium and minerals

5 hemoatopoieisis - blood cell formation

what parts make up the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum (NO PELVIS, NO CLAVICLE)

Appendicular skeleton consists of:

limbs and shoulder and pelvic girdles that attach them

five types of bones and examples of each:

long- femur, humerus

short- long as they are wide- wrist bones and ankle

flat- broad and thin- sternum, ribs, scapula, cranial bones

irregular- various shapes and sizes- vertebrae, hip bones

sesamoid- unique, irregular bones found in tendons and joints: patella

which bones have a cavity for IO access?

proximal humerus and tibia (long bones have cavities for red bone marrow)

what are the parts of a long bone?

diaphysis- main shaft

epiphysis- each end

epiphyseal plate- growth plate

periosteum- peri- + oste- membrane around

articular cartilage- covers the ends

where do compact bone and cancellous bone lie

compact is under the periosteum and has a hallow area in the center containing yellow marrow which stores fat. diaphysis primarily. in epiphysis it is a thin outer layer only.

cancellous(spongy bone) is less dense with trabeculae that give it a spongy appearance. produces blood. found in the epiphyses. none in diaphysis.

what is the most frequently fractured bone in the face?

nasal

the fracture to which bone is an airway concern?

the mandible/maxilla

where is the hyoid

above trachea and laryngeal prominence

is hyoid connected to other bone yes or no

nah

the fracture of which bone is strongly associated with strangulation?

hyoid

label the ribs based on their number and identification

true ribs (1-7)

false ribs (8-10)

floating (11-12)

intercostal space is what

space between the ribs

which bone is the landmark for deltoid intramuscular injections?

the acromion

name the pelvic bones

ileum, ischium, pubis, sacrum and coccyx

difference between palpating iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine?

iliac crest is at the top of the hip, ASIS is at the front

pelvic binder is placed where

greater trochanters of femur NOT the pelvis

why can an isolated closed femur fracture GENUINELY make a patient hypotensive

it can hold a litre or more of blood in the thigh

what is osteoporosis?

oste (bone) + por (pore) + osis: literally porous bones

bones become fragile from loss of density

more susceptible to fracture especially at the wrist, hip, and vertebral column

frequent in post-menopause women, sedentary or immobilized ppl, long-term steroid use

osteomalacia

oste+ -malacia (softening)

bones become abnormally soft from a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood

results in fractures and noticeable deformities (rickets)

osteomyelitis

oste+myel (marrow) + -itis

local or generalized infection of bone and bone marrow

results from bacterial infection that has spread to bone tissue through the blood

most frequently staphylococcal though it may be viral or fungal

what are the curvatures of the spine

kyphosis - abnormal outward curvature of spine, eg. rounded upper back in elderly ppl

lordosis- abnormal inward curvature of spine; inward curve of lower back

scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of spine

what is spinal stenosis?

narrowing of vertebral canal, the nerve root canals, or the intervertebral foramina of lumbar spinal canal

symptoms include numbness, tingling pain in butt, thighs or calves when walking, running, or climbing stairs

sciatica?

similar to spinal stenosis- both are compression of spinal nerves.

sciatica follows the sciatic nerve down the back of the leg

stenosis means?

narrowing

open vs closed

open- skin is broken

closed- skin remains intact

why is an open fracture more dangerous

infection risk. they get antibiotics and go to OR

what is splinting

treatment to prevent joint movement at site of injury

what is closed reduction

aligning bone fragments with manual manipulation or traction (no incision into skin)

open reduction

realignment of bones in surgery

ORIF stands for

open reduction, internal fixation- combined term we will hear in orthopaedic histories

bone scan is what

IV injection of radioisotope absorbed by bone tissue that is visible under a gamma camera. detects metastasis, osteomyelitis, and fractures

bone marrow aspiration is what

removal of a small sample of bone marrow for examination

which types of muscles are striated?

skeletal and cardiac

which muscles are voluntary?

skeletal only

types of muscle (3)

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

muscle fibres are held together by tissue called

fascia that covers the whole musclew

where specifically do tendons attach to?

the fascia and muscle and to bone- serving as anchors

origin vs insertion

origin is attachment to less moveable bone. insertion is the attachment that moves (ex. biceps brachi insertion is forearm and origin is at shoulder)

what is arthralgia

pain in joints: a symptom of many joint diseases, not a diagnosis itself

arthr+algia (algia means pain)

atrophy

wasting away/without development (muscle atrophy)

trophy means growth

a is without

contracture

abnormal, usually permanent bending of a joint into a fixed position from atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers

muscular dystrophy

genetically transmitted disorders: progressive symmetrical wasting of skeletal muscle

there are 30 or more (eg. Duchenne Muscular dystrophy)

trophy means growth

dys means abnormal, difficult, impaired

rotator cuff tear

tear in muscles forming a cuff over the head of humerus

these muscles lift, rotate, and hold the head in place during abduction

strain

injury to body of muscle or tendon attachment from overstretching, overextension, or misuse. a “muscle pull”

electromyography

recording the strength of a muscle’s contraction when stimulated by an electric current

muscle biopsy

extracts a specimen of muscle tissue by needle or incision for microscopic examination

types of joints

fibrous- immovable (skull sutures)

cartilaginous- slightly moveable (pubic symphysis, IV discs)

Hinge- movement back and forth (elbow) or in many directions (ball-and-socket)

joint meeting joint is called

articulation

arthritis is

inflammation of joints

osteoarthritis is

inflammation of bones and joints

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic, systemic; usually affecting small joints

arthrocentesis

-centesis- puncture to withdraw. a medical procedure that uses a sterile needle and syringe to withdraw excess fluid from a joint capsule

Arhtrography is

-graphy: x-ray with contrast

athroplasty is

-plasty: surgical repaira

arthroscopy is

-scopy: view with a scope

dislocation is called

luxation

incomplete dislocation is called

subluxation

what is gout

acute arthritis of great toe from uric acid