Bio Midterm review 22-23

What is science?

 A body of knowledge and the process by which that knowledge is gained

What is biology?

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms. (bios=life, logos=study and knowledge)

What are the steps of the scientific method

1\. Ask a question, 2. Make Observations, 3. Form a Hypothesis, 4. Conduct an experiment, 5. Analyze data, 6. Draw a conclusion

What makes an experiment “controlled”

In a controlled experiment, all extraneous variables are held constant so that they can't influence the results.

What is an independent variable

A variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.

What is a dependent variable?

The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable.

What is qualitative data?

Data observed based on description

What is quantitative data?

Data observed based on numbers

What are prokaryotic cells?

Cells that don't have organelles and are unicellular are smaller asexual and a single loop of Dna, they don't have a nucleus

What are Eukaryotic cells?

Cells with organelles, large cells

What is reproduction?

The creation of offspring

What is homeostasis

When an organism internal conditions are kept stable

What is the order of levels of organization?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism

Describe the levels of organization above the organism level.

Population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

What subatomic particles make up an atom?

protons, neutrons and electrons.

What subatomic particle has a positive charge?

Protons

What subatomic particle has a negative charge?

Electrons

What subatomic particle(s) is located in the nucleus?

Protons and neutrons

What subatomic particle(s) is located outside the nucleus?

Electrons

How many electrons are located in the first ring?

2

How many electrons are located in the second ring?

8

What is an ion?

An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and therefore has a negative or positive charge.

How do ions forms?

 When the number of protons in an atom does not equal the number of electrons

What is an atom?

The fundamental unit of every matter that cannot be broken down further

What are molecules?

two or more similar or different kinds of atoms

What is a compound?

a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.

What are some examples of compounds.

Water and table salt

ow do ionic bonds form?

the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another

 How do covalent bonds form?

two or more atoms share electrons

Why is water a polar molecule?

It has unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms 

How do hydrogen bonds form between water molecules?

hydrogen bonds form between neighboring hydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules.

What is cohesion?

Substances attracted to themselves

What is adhesion?

Substances attracted to other substances.

What is an acid?

Substances with a ph lower than 7, high H+ ions

What is a base?

Substances with a ph higher than 7, low H+ ions

What does it mean for a molecule to be classified as “organic”?

molecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen, and can include other elements

What is a reactant?

Materials that make products

What is a product?

Materials made from materials

What is activation energy?

The amount of energy required to reach the transition state.

 How does an enzyme (catalyst) affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

by reducing the activation energy, thereby increasing the rate of reaction.

What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?

Protein

How many bonds can carbon form?

4

What are the four macromolecules (polymers) that make up living things?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Building blocks of carbohydrates

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Building blocks of lipids

Fatty acids and glycerol

Building blocks of proteins

Amino acids

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

What are carbohydrates used for?

Energy

What are lipids used for?

Long term Energy storage

What are proteins used for?

Structure, defense, transport

What are nucleic acids used for?

Store and communicate genetic information

What are the three parts of cell theory?

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

What features do all cells have in common?

All cells have a cytoplasm, DNA, cell membrane, and Ribosomes

What organelles are unique to plant cells

Cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplast

What organelles are unique to animal cells

Centriole and Lysosomes

Cell membrane

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Nucleus

serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell's control center. DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing all take place here

Ribosomes

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Centriole

organelles made of microtubules that function during cell division. They are located in the cytoplasm of animal cells.

Lysosome

vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles. They also digest bacteria and viruses that have entered the cell. 

Chloroplast

produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield.

Mitochondria

the powerhouses of the cell. They help turn the energy we take from food into energy that the cell can use

What kinds of molecules can easily pass through a membrane?

Nonpolar molecules

What does semi-permeable mean?

Selects what enters and leaves the cell

What is diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration. No energy required.

Does active transport require energy?

Yes

Does passive transport require energy?

No

Examples of passive transport

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion 

What is osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane

What is a hypotonic solution?

Little solute, lots of water so it goes from outside the cell to inside and the cell BURSTS.

What is a hypertonic solution?

Lots of solute, little water, so water flows from inside of cell towards outside of cell. The cell loses water and SHRINKS.

What is exocytosis?

 a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

What kinds of molecules exit the cell using exocytosis?

Large molecules

What is energy?

The ability to do work

What is catabolic metabolism?

pathways that release energy by breaking down larger molecules

What is anabolic metabolism?

pathways that use energy to build larger molecules

How does ATP release energy?

When one phosphate group is removed by breaking a phosphoanhydride bond in a process called hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Reactants of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and water

Products of photosynthesis

Glucose and oxygen

Reactants of cellular respiration

Glucose and oxygen

Products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide and water

What do pigments do

Capture sunlight

 Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

the thylakoid membrane in chloroplast

Reactants of light dependent reactions

Sunlight and H2O

Products of light dependent reactions

ATP and NADPH

Where do light-independent reactions take place?

The stroma

What are the reactants of light-independent reactions?

ATP and NADPH

 What are the products and products of the light-dependent reactions?

Glucose

Examples of C4 plants

corn and sugar cane

Examples of CAM plants

Cactus, pineapple, and aloe

First stage of cellular respiration

Glycolysis

Second stage of cellular respiration

Krebs cycle

Third stage of cellular respiration

Electron transport chain

Location of glycolysis

Cytoplasm, just outside the mitochondria

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No

How much ATP does glycolysis produce?

2

Location of Krebs cycle

matrix (fluid within the mitochondria)

Does the Krebs cycle require oxygen?

Yes

How much ATP does the Krebs cycle produce?

2

Location of Electron transport chain

Inner membrane of the mitochondria