Mental Health Nursing: Module 3 Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering eating disorders, impulse control, addiction, neurocognitive and personality disorders, crisis, violence, and sexual assault.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of caloric intake leading to significantly low body weight ($BMI < 18.5$), an intense fear of gaining weight, and marked body image distortion. Physical manifestations include bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia, amenorrhea, and lanugo.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory purging behaviors (such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives/diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise). Classic physical findings include dental erosion, parotid gland swelling, Russell sign, and hypokalemia.

Binge-Eating Disorder

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food in a short period accompanied by a perceived loss of control, marked distress, guilt, and shame, occurring without regular compensatory purging behaviors.

Refeeding Syndrome

A potentially fatal complication that occurs when nutritional intake is reintroduced to a severely malnourished patient, triggering an insulin surge that drives electrolytes intracellularly; it is characterized by dangerously low phosphorus levels, fluid shifts, cardiac dysrhythmias, and heart failure.

Russell Sign

Calluses or abrasions on the knuckles or dorsal surface of the hand caused by repeated trauma from the incisors during self-induced vomiting, commonly seen in bulimia nervosa.

Pica

A feeding disorder characterized by the persistent eating of nonfood, non-nutritive substances (such as dirt, paper, or chalk) that is developmentally inappropriate and not part of a culturally accepted practice.

Rumination Disorder

A feeding disorder involving the repeated regurgitation of food into the mouth (which may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out) following meals, not caused by a gastrointestinal or other general medical condition.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

A feeding disorder characterized by limited food intake or avoidance of specific foods due to sensory sensitivities, lack of interest, or fear of choking, which leads to nutritional deficiency or weight loss in the absence of body image disturbance.

Gender Dysphoria

Clinically significant psychological distress resulting from an incongruence between an individual's experienced or expressed gender identity and the sex assigned at birth. Gender identity itself is recognized as distinct and not a mental disorder.

Paraphilic Disorder

Recurrent, intense sexual arousal from non-typical interests, objects, or behaviors lasting at least $6\text{ months}$ that causes personal distress or functional impairment, or involves harm or nonconsenting individuals.

Voyeuristic Disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by intense sexual arousal achieved from observing an unsuspecting, nonconsenting person who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activities.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by sexual arousal obtained from exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting, nonconsenting individual.

Frotteuristic Disorder

A paraphilic disorder involving recurrent sexual arousal derived from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person, often in crowded public spaces.

Sexual Sadism Disorder

A paraphilic disorder involving recurrent, intense sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering, humiliation, or harm inflicted on another person.

Sexual Masochism Disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent, intense sexual arousal derived from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.

Pedophilic Disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent, intense sexual arousal, urges, or behaviors directed toward prepubescent children.

Fetishistic Disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual arousal focused on nonliving objects (such as shoes or garments) or specific nongenital body parts.

Transvestic Disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing, accompanied by clinically significant distress or functional impairment.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A disruptive behavior disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness primarily directed toward authority figures, without violating the fundamental rights of others.

Conduct Disorder

A severe repetitive behavioral disorder characterized by the persistent violation of the basic rights of others and major societal rules or norms, manifesting as aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, and lack of remorse.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)

An impulse-control disorder characterized by recurrent, sudden behavioral outbursts representing a failure to control aggressive impulses, resulting in verbal or physical aggression grossly disproportionate to the trigger, followed by genuine remorse.

Pyromania

An impulse-control disorder characterized by repeated, intentional fire-setting preceded by tension or affective arousal, accompanied by fascination, interest, curiosity, or gratification during and after the act, not done for financial gain or revenge.

Kleptomania

An impulse-control disorder characterized by the recurrent failure to resist urges to steal items that are not needed for personal use or monetary value, preceded by mounting tension and followed by pleasure, gratification, or relief.

Tolerance

A state of neuroadaptation in which increasing doses of a substance are required to achieve the desired psychological or physiological effect, or a markedly diminished effect occurs with continued use of the same amount.

Withdrawal

A substance-specific syndrome of physiological and psychological signs and symptoms that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who has maintained prolonged, heavy use.

Schedule I Controlled Substances

A DEA drug classification category defined as substances with no federally accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse and severe psychological or physical dependence (examples include heroin, LSD, and federally classified marijuana).

Schedule II Controlled Substances

A DEA drug classification category for drugs with accepted medical use but a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence (examples include fentanyl, oxycodone, and methamphetamine).

Disulfiram

An alcohol-aversive deterrent medication that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde and producing severe unpleasant physical reactions (flushing, nausea, vomiting, throbbing headache) if alcohol is ingested.

Acamprosate

A medication that helps maintain alcohol abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorder by stabilizing neurotransmitter systems (glutamate and GABA); contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment.

Naltrexone

An opioid receptor antagonist that reduces alcohol craving and pleasurable reward pathways, and blocks the subjective effects of exogenous opioids; requires a $10\text{-day}$ opioid-free interval before administration to avoid precipitated withdrawal.

Delirium

An acute, fluctuating neurocognitive disturbance characterized by sudden onset (hours to days), impaired attention and awareness, disorganized thinking, altered level of consciousness, and disturbed sleep-wake cycles, typically caused by an acute underlying medical condition, toxicity, or withdrawal.

Dementia

A chronic, progressive neurocognitive disorder characterized by a gradual decline (months to years) in one or more cognitive domains that interferes with functional independence in everyday activities; attention and consciousness remain stable until late stages.

Apraxia

The impaired ability to execute purposeful, learned motor tasks or skilled movements despite intact motor capacity, sensory function, and comprehension (such as being unable to brush one's hair or teeth).

Agnosia

The loss of the ability to recognize and identify familiar objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells despite intact sensory modalities (such as failing to recognize a key or a toothbrush).

Aphasia

An acquired impairment of language processing that affects speech production, comprehension, reading, or writing (such as difficulty naming common objects).

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

A class of Alzheimer's pharmacotherapy (including donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine to improve cognitive function, requiring nursing monitoring for gastrointestinal upset and bradycardia.

Memantine (Namenda)

An NMDA receptor antagonist approved for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease that regulates glutamate activity to protect brain cells from excitotoxicity and improve cognition.

Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities (ARIA)

A potential complication of disease-modifying anti-amyloid treatments (such as lecanemab and donanemab) in early Alzheimer's disease requiring serial brain MRI monitoring for brain edema or microhemorrhages.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A classification of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric interpersonal behaviors ('Away from people'), comprising Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

A classification of personality disorders marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors ('Big emotions and behaviors'), comprising Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

A classification of personality disorders characterized by anxious, fearful behaviors and dependency ('Concerned and cautious'), comprising Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A Cluster B personality disorder characterized by pervasive instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, marked impulsivity, fear of abandonment, and recurring suicidal behavior, gestures, threats, or self-mutilation.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

An evidence-based psychotherapy developed for borderline personality disorder that synthesizes acceptance and change, targeting mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness.

Maturational Crisis

A developmental crisis triggered by expected, predictable life transitions that require new coping mechanisms (such as starting school, entering adolescence, marriage, parenthood, or retirement).

Situational Crisis

A crisis arising from an unexpected external event that threatens personal psychological, physical, or social stability (such as sudden job loss, divorce, illness, injury, or the death of a loved one).

Adventitious Crisis

A crisis resulting from an unplanned, catastrophic, large-scale disaster affecting an entire community or group of people, such as natural disasters (tornadoes, hurricanes), man-made events (terrorism, mass violence), or epidemics.

Disaster Management Phases

The four continuous, cyclical phases of disaster response: Mitigation (reducing disaster risks before occurrence), Preparedness (planning, training, and drills), Response (immediate action and triage during the event), and Recovery (restoring community services and health).

Primary Prevention (Crisis)

Interventions implemented before a crisis develops to reduce the incidence of crisis and enhance individual or community coping, including stress-management education, parenting classes, and disaster preparedness training.

Secondary Prevention (Crisis)

Early interventions implemented during or immediately after the onset of an acute crisis to minimize severity, stabilize functioning, and prevent escalation, including crisis screening, emergency counseling, and immediate safety evaluations.

Tertiary Prevention (Crisis)

Interventions provided during post-crisis recovery to reduce long-term complications, facilitate mental health rehabilitation, and restore functioning through support groups, psychotherapy, and relapse prevention.

Mass-Casualty Triage: Red Tag (Immediate)

A triage category identifying patients with life-threatening but potentially survivable injuries (such as severe respiratory compromise or tension pneumothorax) who require immediate medical stabilization.

Mass-Casualty Triage: Black Tag (Deceased/Expectant)

A triage category designating victims who are deceased or whose injuries are so catastrophic that survival is unlikely with available personnel and resources.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Safety Plan

A personalized protocol that supports survivor autonomy consisting of five key components: identifying a safe place and trusted contacts, preparing essential documents and medications, planning transportation and exit routes, establishing safe communication, and knowing how to contact emergency help.

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE)

A registered nurse with specialized forensic training who conducts comprehensive medical-forensic physical exams, collects and preserves forensic evidence with informed consent, documents trauma objectively, and coordinates trauma-informed aftercare and legal testimony.