History 1001 (Baruch) Exam #1

Slaveholding Society

A society where slaves are present but they are not essential to any element of the society.

Slave Society

A society in which the institution of slavery affects all aspects of life.

Incipient slavery

the slave loses the right to claim their heritage but her/his further generation can claim her and only her as heritage and vice versa. Sometimes the children of incipient slaves were not born free but the bond between parent and child was acknowledged

Intrusive slavery

When a person was supposed to die in battle but became a slave instead

Extrusive slavery

When slaves are conceptualized as fallen insiders (China)

Perpetual/true slavery

When a slave can't claim his/her kids or ancestors

Penal slavery

Enslavement through the criminal justice system

Yin and Yang

two forces in the universe, according to Chinese Theory: Yin is the passive, negative force, and Yang the active, positive force

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture. Settled near Yellow River

Natal Alienation

The alienation of a slave from his community. It is the loss of native status, ties to any group, and breaks ties to ancestors of the slave and the slave's descendants.

social death

a seemingly irreversible situation in which a person is not treated like an active member of society

divination

the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means

chariot

a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing.

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Book of Changes

manual instructing diviners in the art of foretelling the future

Sunzi

author of The Art of War; argued that war was an extension of statecraft and should be fought according to scientific principles.

The Art of War

an ancient Chinese book on military strategy written by Sun Tzu

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Alchemy in Daoism

concerned with transforming human beings so as to give them longer life and bring them closer to the Dao.

Wuwei

Non-action, the preferred Daoist path of least resistance, allowing things to run their natural course

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Five Great Relationships

father-son, elder brother-younger brother, husband-wife, elder-younger, ruler-subject

Kung-Zi

Confucius, built first school in china, lower level aristocrat

Mengzi

One of the most famous interpreters of Confucian thought, believed in the goodness of people, spread Confucianism

Xunzi

follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were inherently lazy and evil and required an authoritarian government.

Legalism (China)

A political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. Rigorous laws. Legalism was invoked by the Qin ruling class to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime and Shang Yang enforced it ruthlessly.

infantry

soldiers who fight on foot

Textual daoism

the sacred texts of Daoism

Repeating crossbow

like a crossbow, but a lot easier to use

Qin

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first short-lived Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved his subjects.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163

Han Dynasty

(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang (a commoner who revolted); a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity

Calvary

soldiers on horseback

di

God

Li

Called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism.

Ren

An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Bondsmen

slaves

Siam Qian

A Chinese scholar, astronomer, and historian; author of the most important history of ancient China, Historical Records

retainer

a fee paid in advance for services; a servant; an attendant

Vedas

Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.

Siddhartha Gautama

The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism.

Reincarnation

In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding

Karma

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

Nirvana

The state of englightenment for Buddhists.

Asestic

A self-practice where they try to be celibate and not materialistic

enlightened

(adj.) free from ignorance and false ideas; possessing sound understanding

Four Noble Truths

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

Vinaya

the rules of practice and conduct for monks; a section of the Pali canon

Sangha

The Buddhist community of monks and nuns; one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism.

Theravada Buddhism

"Way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Theravada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and the individual's search for enlightenment.

Chan Buddhism

Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society

Mahayana

The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.

Pure Land Buddhism

A denomination of Buddhism that taught that believers would be reborn in a blissful, pure land or paradise.

Amitabha

Buddha of the Pure Land

buddha field

Created by the Buddha so beings can practice the bodhisattva path. The Buddha's enjoyment body dwells in a pure buddha field. Samsara is made up of impure buddha fields.

Sangha households

they come to monastery's out of desperation, due to refuge. Offering themselves to be slaves

buddha households

were the true slaves in a Buddhist monastery (category of bondsmen)

1) donate slaves

2) large numbers of slaves from the government, they are put their by the government

Monastic serfs

are not working men, they live with the monks and work at the monastery. they can't leave when they want. are not aloud to marry outside their class

Eunuchs

castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.

Wei Zhongxian

a eunuch who rose to power under the Wanli emperor. He dominated the court life of Wanli's grandson. at the peak of his influence, he was able to have temples in his honor erected all over china and publish historical works belittling his bureaucratic enemies. led a reign of terror against members of the Donglin academy

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Mai Jai

Male (incipient) taken into heritage

Redemption

Form of manumission, no trace of slavery left, pawning

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city

Agora

the marketplace in ancient Greece

debt slavery

slavery in order to pay off a loan with forced labour rather than money (rich people in Athens used this to get more slaves)

agon

contest, struggle

Hesiod

Author, wrote Works and Days(a farmer's almanac) and Theogony (a geneology of the gods)

Phalanx

A military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields

Hellenes

What the Greeks called themselves

alter

key aspect in Greek religious architecture/Where sacrifices happened

Barbaroi

people who did not speak Greek

sacrifice

A gift of an animal for slaughter as a way to honor gods/important Greek public ritual

aperturia

Religious brotherhood

Artemis

goddess of the hunt and the moon

All Athens Festival

Animal sacrifices for the goddess Athena. If you don't attend event, then it is considered act of treason.

Homer

ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

Mystery initiations

Private religious affairs.

Delphi Oracle

a priestess of Apollo believed by the ancient Greeks to predict the future

Apollo

god of music, poetry, prophecy, and medicine

Enthusiasmos

-Possession by the god

-Gods get male or female priests- not like modern priests- anyone can be a priest you just sacrifice an animal and say a prayer

-Altars are outside- have temples but no one goes inside they hold statues to protect the statues- religiously unimportant

Delphic Council

Similar to a UN. They had different representatives of city-states where they can delegate.

Pythian Games

the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Delphi held every four years in the third year of the Olympiad in honor of Apollo

Sparta

- Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

- A prominent city state, used to participate in art and trade but after feeling the effects of increasing population and shortage of arable land, they invaded neighboring lands like messenia and settled there, became a military camp in a permanent state of preparedness

Messenians

People who lived in a neighboring region to Sparta, after which they were named. When Sparta conquered and took over the land, they became helots. Each year, the Spartans gathered half of the helots' harvest. In about 650 B.C., their hatred and resent ignited into a revolt which was just barely put down by the Spartans. This resulted in Sparta becoming a military state.

Group bondage

A group of people are dishonored and socially dead but not natally alienated.

Laconia

territory in S.E. Peloponnese; major city is Sparta

Helots

enslaved people in ancient Sparta

Ephors

a group of 5 officials that helped govern Sparta with the Concil of Elders

Gerousia

Council of Elders in Sparta, 60+ yrs of age, chosen for life by assembly, included 2 kings, 28 others

Apella

Group of Spartan male citizens who elect the Gerousia and Ephor and vote on proposals

Perioikoi

In Spartan society, these were those residents who were neither helots nor Spartiates.

Spartiates

full Spartan citizens

Inferiors

At least partial spartina blood, but lost their status

Agoge

The Spartan military school that boys began attending at the age of seven.