Biology

Five Characteristics of Life:

Cells, Replication, Information, Energy, Evolution

Five Characteristics of Life: Cells

The most basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

Five Characteristics of Life: Replication

A cell producing another cell that is an exact copy of them

Five Characteristics of Life: Information

All cells carry hereditary information that is encoded in genes as well as information from the environment.

Five Characteristics of Life: Energy

All living organisms need energy to survive

Five Characteristics of Life: Evolution

Populations of organisms are continually evolving

Cell Theory #1

All living organisms have one or more cells

Cell Theory #2

Cells are the most basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms

Cell Theory #3

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Modern Cell Theory #1

All living organisms have one or more cells

Modern Cell Theory #2

Cells are the most basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms

Modern Cell Theory #3

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Modern Cell Theory #4

All cells carry hereditary information

Modern Cell Theory #5

All cells are the same in chemical composition

Modern Theory #6

Energy flows occur within the cells

Properties of Life:

Order, Response to Stimuli, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Energy Processing, Evolution, Homeostasis, Adaptation

Order

Atoms to Molecules to Organelles/Structure

Stimuli

Detectable change in an organism’s internal or external environment that causes a reaction or response

Response to Stimuli

Metabolic Changes, Physiological changes, Unicellular, and Pluricellular

Unicellular

A single-celled organism

Pluricellular

An organism made up of multiple cells

What does an Unicellular respond to?

Responds to other cells in a colony

What does a Pluricellular respond to?

Responds to other cells in an organism. They listen, communicate, and adapt to instructions from neighboring cells to keep the whole body working together.

Central Dogma

Flow of genetic information

What is Asexual Reproduction?

When a single celled organism reproduce by cell division, making an exact copy.

What results in Adaptations?

Natural selection

Who does adaptation occur to?

To an individual

Evolution

The change in characteristics and genetic makeup of a population over time

When does Evolution occur?

Occurs through natural selection and genetic mutations

What is Descent with Modifcation?

Characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation.

What is one of the two conditions needed in order for natural selection to occur?

Individuals must have characteristics that are heritable

What is two of the two conditions needed in order for natural selection to occur?

When a heritable trait helps the individual reproduce more than other traits

What does a experiment include?

One or more variable and one or more controls

What is a control group?

A standard baseline in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or intervention being tested

What is an inductive reasoning?

Uses related observations to come to a general conclusion

What is deductive reasoning?

Uses a principle or law to forecast specific results

Levels of Organizations:

Atoms, molecules or macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

What is a tissue?

Group of cells with a common function

What is an organ system?

A group of organs that perform a common function

What forms an organ?

When different tissues interact

What forms an organ system?

Different organs that have a similar function

What are the four types of tissue?

Connective, Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial

What does the extracellular matrix (ECM) do?

Links cells between each other, provides anchorage to cells, and gives structural support and strength to the tissue

What does “provides anchorage to cells” mean?

Providing anchorage to cells means acting like an anchor or a solid physical base that holds cells in place so they do not drift away

What is the Phylogenetic tree?

Visually summarizes the evolution of species

What are the three domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What is the Taxonomic Rank from smallest to largest?

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain

What is Dalton (Da)?

Mass of atom is equal to its mass number

Shells can be filled by…

Formation of chemical bonds

Octet Rule

Elements are most stable when their outermost shell is filled with elements

What formula is this?

Molecular Formula

What formula is this?

Structural Forumula

What does the molecular formula indicate?

The numbers and types of atoms

What does the Structural formula indicate?

Indicates the atoms bonded together and type of bond

What are ionic bonds?

Attraction between charged atoms

What are electrolytes?

Ions that are important for cellular functions

What role do Hydrogen bonds have?

They play a critical role in structure, solubility, water molecules, etc.

What are hydrogen bonds?

They are an interaction between: Hydrogen bound to electronegative atom and electronegative atom

What is the proton donor in a hydrogen bond?

The hydrogen bound to electronegative atom

What is the proton acceptor in a hydrogen bond?

The electronegative atom

The Hydrogen bound to electronegative atom is the…

Proton donor

The electronegative atom is the

Proton acceptor

Which side is the donor atom?

Left

Which side is the acceptor atom?

Right

What is Van der Waals?

Electrostatic between dipoles of two molecules

Is Van der Waals weaker or stronger than Hydrogen Bonds?

Weaker

Why are the Van der Waals important?

They stabilize structures such as DNA

What composition does Nonpolar Molecules have?

Hydrocarbon

Are Nonpolar Molecules charged?

No

What molecules are energetically favorable? And why?

Nonpolar Molecules are energetically favorable because they reduce exposure to hydrophilic molecules

Electrons are…between two atoms in a Non-Polar Covalent Bond

evenly shared

Electrons are…, so more time is spent close to nucleus of more electronegative atom

shared unevenly

Nonpolar covalent bonds do…

not create partial charges

Polar covalent bonds do…

create partial charges

Which partial charge is positive and negative in a hydrogen bond?

Hydrogen is positive partial charge, Oxygen is negative partial charge

Since water molecules have partial charges, they will

form hydrogen bonds with forming a hydration shell

What is Cohesion?

Attraction between like molecules

What is Adhestion?

Attraction between unlike molecules

Is water cohesive?

Yes

What is Surface Tension?

Cohesive forced caused by attraction between molecules at surface of liquid

What does surface of a water act like?

Elastic membrane

When heated, water molecules have more what?

Kinetic energy

What is Specific Heat?

Energy needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1C

What is Heat of Vaporization?

Energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance from liquid to gas

As molecules increase in polarity,…

it takes more energy to change their energy

-OH forms…

hydrogen bonds with water molecules

What do Acids do?

They release protons during a chemical reaction, which increases the proton concentration in a solution

What do Bases do?

They accept protons during a chemical reaction, which lowers the proton concentration in a solution

What do Buffers do?

Helps maintain homeostasis by resisting changes in pH

How do you resist changes in pH?

By releasing or donating H+

What does the pH scale represent?

Represents change in [H+]

What pH level is considered acids?

pH less than 7

What pH level is considered bases?

pH greater than 7

What is neutral in the pH scale?

Neither acidic or basic

What number is neutral in the pH scale?

pH 7

When reactants undergo chemical reaction by binding to an enzyme, they are…

substrates

Enzymes work by…

lowering the activation energy

Before reaction can take place, reactants need to: Collide…

in precise orientation

Before reaction can take place, reactants need to: Have enough…

kinetic energy to overcome activation energy barrier and achieve transition state