Chapter 38: Nephrology

yes that says peepee

active transport

movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient with the use

acute kidney injury (AKI)

sudden onset of severely decreased urine production; also called acute renal failure

acute tubular necrosis

kidney injury caused by damage to the kidney tubule cells

antidiuresis

formation and passage of a concentrated urine, preserving blood volume

anuria

no elimination of urine

ascending loop of Henle

part of a kidney tubule leading from the descending loop of Henle to the distal convoluted tubule

benign prostatic hypertrophy

noncancerous enlargement of the prostate associated with aging

Bowman’s capsule

hollow, cup-shaped first part of the nephron tubule of the kidney

chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

dialysis procedure that relies on the patient’s own peritoneal membrane as the semipermeable membrane that filters wastes from the blood, as the semipermeable membrane in a dialysis machine would do

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

permanently inadequate renal function due to nephron loss

chronic renal failure (CRF)

permanently inadequate renal function due to nephron loss

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin of the peepee

collecting duct

in a kidney the larger structure beyond the distal tubule into which urine drips

community-acquired infection

type of infection acquired in the community by a nonhospitalized patient

cortex

outer tissue of an organ such as the kidney

creatinine

waste product caused by metabolism within muscle cells

cystitis

infection of the urinary bladder

descending loop of Henle

the part of a kidney tubule leading from the proximal convoluted tubule to the ascending loop of Henle

dialysate

solution used in kidney dialysis that is hypo-osmolar to many of the wastes and key electrolytes in blood

distal tubule

part of a kidney tubule beyond the ascending loop of Henle

diuresis

formation and passage of a large amount of dilute urine, resulting in decreased blood volume

end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)

extreme failure of kidney function due to nephron loss

end-stage renal failure (ESRF)

extreme failure of kidney function due to nephron loss

epididymis

saclike duct adjacent to a testis that stores sperm cells

erythropoietin

hormone produced by kidney cells that stimulates maturation of red blood cells

facilitated diffusion

process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane

filtrate

fluid produced by the filtration of blood within Bowman’s capsule

flanks

part of the back below the ribs and above the hip bones

genitourinary system

male organ system that includes both reproductive and urinary structures

glomerular filtration

removal of water and other elements from blood in the nephron tubule

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

volume per day at which blood is filtered through capillaries of the glomerulus

glomerulus

tuft of capillaries from which blood is filtered into a nephron

glucose intolerance

inability of body cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream

hemodialysis

dialysis procedure relying on vascular access to the blood and on an artificial membrane

hilum

notched part of the kidney where the ureter and other structures join kidney tissue

hyperosmolar

having an abnormally increased osmolar concentration of body fluids

hypo-osmolar

having a concentration in one substance lower than that of a second solution

interstitial nephritis

inflammation within the tissue surrounding the nephrons of the kidneys

intrarenal abscess

encapsulated collection of pus and necrotic material that forms within the renal parenchyma

isosthenuria

inability to concentrate or dilute urine relative to the osmolarity of blood

kidney

one of the pair of organs that produce urine and perform other functions of the urinary system

medulla

inner tissue of an organ such as the kidney

microangiopathy

disease affecting the smallest blood vessels

nephrology

medical specialty dealing with the kidneys

nephron

microscopic structure within the kidney that produces urine

nosocomial infection

type of infection acquired in a hospital or other medical facility

oliguria

urine elimination decreased to 400–500 mL or less per day

osmolarity

measure of a substance’s concentration in water

osmosis

movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration to equalize concentrations on both sides of a membrane

osmotic diuresis

greatly increased urination and dehydration due to high levels of glucose that cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules, causing a loss of water into the urine

papilla

in the kidney, apex of a renal pyramid that juts into the hollow space of the kidney (renal pelvis) and through which collecting ducts discharge urine

peepee

male organ of copulation

perinephric abscess

pocket of infection in the layer of fat surrounding the kidney

preventive strategy

management plan to minimize further damage to vital tissues

priapism

painful and prolonged erection of the peepee

prostate gland

organ that surrounds the male bladder neck and the first portion of the urethra

prostatitis

infection and inflammation of the prostate gland

proximal tubule

segment of the kidney nephron beyond Bowman’s capsule

pyelonephritis

an infection and inflammation of the kidney

pyramids

visible tissue structure within the medulla of the kidney

reabsorption

movement of a substance from a nephron tubule back into the blood

reduced nephron mass

decrease in number of functional nephrons that causes chronic renal failure

reduced renal mass

decrease in kidney size associated with chronic renal failure

referred pain

type of pain felt in a location other than that of its origin

renal

pertaining to the kidneys

renal AKI

an acute kidney injury originating in the kidney

renal calculi

kidney stones

renal dialysis

artificial replacement of some critical kidney functions

renal pelvis

hollow space of the kidney that junctions with a ureter

renin

enzyme produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure

scrotum

muscular sac outside the abdominal cavity that contains the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens

secretion

part of the filtration of blood by the kidney, movement of certain wastes and toxins from the capillaries into the renal tubule

semen

male reproductive fluid

simple diffusion

passive movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

sperm cell

male reproductive cell

testes

male sex organs

testicular torsion

twisting of the spermatic cord, resulting in blockage of the blood supply to the testicle and surrounding structures within the scrotum

urea

waste derived from ammonia produced through protein metabolism

uremia

including excess levels of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood

ureter

one of the two ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urethra

duct that carries urine from the bladder out of the body

Length of the urethra in females

3-4cm

Length of urethra in males

20cm

urethritis

infection and inflammation of the urethra

urinary bladder

muscular organ that stores urine before its elimination from the body

urinary stasis

condition in which the bladder empties incompletely during urination

urinary system

group of organs that produces urine and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance for the body

urinary system components (top to bottom)

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

urinary tract infection (UTI)

infection, usually bacterial, at any site in the urinary tract

urine

fluid made by the kidneys and eliminated from the body

urology

medical specialty dealing with the urinary system in females and the genitourinary system in males

vas deferens

duct that carries sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra

visceral pain

dull, poorly localized pain that originates in the walls of hollow organs such as the ureter or bladder

major causes of end stage renal failure

uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension

the left kidney is behind the ____

spleen

the right kidney is behind the ___

liver

Kidneys form and eliminate uring for the purpose of maintaining ____, retaining key compounds like ____, and getting rid of ____

blood volume, glucose, urea

Controlling arterial blood pressure ___ depend on urine formation

does

renin-angiotensin system ____ depend on urine formation

does not

erythrocyte development ___ depend on urine development

does not