Modern History Test Unit 2

Which was a major goal of Reconstruction?

Reconstruction aimed to restore Southern states, rebuild the South, and protect freed people's rights.

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan used 10% of:

the state's 1860 voters

Match the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to their main protections.

13th: abolition of slavery. 14th: citizenship, due process, equal protection. 15th: voting rights regardless of race.

What did the Freedmen's Bureau do? Give two examples.

Examples: food and clothing relief, schools, labour assistance, and legal assistance.

What treaty ended the Mexican-American War?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848.

What did the Homestead Act require, and how many acres could settlers claim?

Up to 160 acres; fees, residence and improvements, generally for five years.

What year was the transcontinental railroad completed?

1869.

How did Crazy Horse's role differ from Sitting Bull's at Little Bighorn?

Crazy Horse helped lead warriors; Sitting Bull provided spiritual and political leadership.

Impeachment automatically removed Andrew Johnson from office.

False. The House impeached him, but the Senate did not remove him.

The 15th Amendment established nationwide voting rights for women.

False. It prohibited racial denial of voting rights; it did not establish nationwide women's suffrage.

The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled U.S. territory.

True. The United States purchased the territory from France in 1803.

Everyone in the 7th Cavalry died at Little Bighorn.

False. Custer's immediate command was destroyed; Reno and Benteen's forces included survivors.

The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent was

Manifest Destiny.

Southern laws restricting formerly enslaved people's freedom were called

Black Codes.

Farmers who paid landowners with a portion of their crop practised

Sharecropping.

Five Short Answer Topics

Compare Lincoln's or Johnson's approach with Congressional Reconstruction.

Lincoln and Johnson favoured quicker restoration; Congress required stronger civil rights protections and military oversight. Include one specific condition from each approach.

Explain two Reconstruction gains and one reason those gains became difficult to protect.

Examples: constitutional amendments, schools, family reunification, voting and office holding. Obstacles included violence, discriminatory laws, debt, and weakened federal enforcement.

Explain two reasons Americans moved west and one consequence of expansion.

Motives: land, gold, work, trade, religious freedom, or a fresh start. Consequences: population growth, railroads, conflict over slavery, or Native displacement. Explain the connection.

Explain how railroads helped the economy while harming Native communities.

Railroads moved goods and people faster and connected markets. They crossed Native lands, encouraged settlement, and enabled large-scale bison hunting.

Explain how bison destruction and assimilation policies threatened Native independence and culture.

Bison loss removed food and materials and increased dependence on government supplies. Boarding schools and other assimilation policies disrupted languages, family ties, and traditions. Native communities nevertheless survived.

Black migrants who moved to Kansas and elsewhere in the late 1870s seeking opportunity and escape from oppression.

Exodusters

People formerly held in slavery. Freedom opened opportunities to build independent families and communities.

Freedpeople

A Shoshone woman who assisted the expedition with interpretation and knowledge. Native communities provided essential help.

Sacagawea

Strong loyalty to a region and its interests. Disputes over slavery in new territories increased sectional tensions.

Sectionalism