gender psych midterm

Why do we categorize?

Makes it easier for us to interact with the world through schema (Knowing what something is determines how we interact with it)

What are the two main ways we categorize people?

Race and gender

What are some issues with categories?

Can cause stereotypes

We don’t update our schemas (Confirmation bias)

Might put people in the wrong category

The schema we have about a category might be wrong

Sex definition

Biological categories of male and female; Determined by gene hormones and chromosomes

Gender definition

Social categories of male and female, psychological roles (These categories are distinguished from each other by psychological features and role attributes that society has assigned to the biological category of sex)

Sex is defined the same way across cultures, but different societies have different ways of defining gender

True

Is personality and appearance related to the gender category or the sex category

Gender category

Sex related behaviour

Behaviours that correspond with sex, but are not necessarily caused by sex ((Things meant typically do but not because they have a penis)

Social role

Social position accompanied by a set of norms or expectations (eg Being a mom being a student, etc)

Gender role

Expectations that go along with being either male or female (Example being a mom or dad)

Features of male gender role

Being strong, independent and competitive

Examples of female, gender roles

Being caring, emotionally, expressive, and polite

Masculinity

Traits, behaviors, and interest that society has assigned to the male gender role

intrarole conflict

Experience of conflict between the expectations of a role given (A man needing to ask for help, but needs to be independent at the same time and not ask anyone for help)

Interrole conflict

Experience of conflict between expectations of two or more roles that are assumed simultaneously (Being a mom and having a profession or working in being a student as these roles conflict with each other other)

Which gender suffers more from gender norm, violations, and why

Man and this can be because manhood is held higher than womanhood

Why is it not as big as an issue when females take on male roles

Because she’s essentially moving towards a higher status being male, but when male due with their acting or moving towards a lower status, which is female to why it’s such a big issue

Sex typing

A process where sex appropriate preferences, behavior, skills and self-concept are acquired (Aligning with your norms, for instance women doing feminine things)

Sex typed

Being aligned (Men acting, masculine, and women acting feminine)

Cross sex typed

Male acting, feminine, females acting masculine (Inalignment)

Androgynous

acting feminine and masculine

Heterosexuals

Preferred opposite sex partners (Straight)

Homosexual

Prefer same-sex partners

Gender identity

Our perception of the self as psychologically male or female

Transgender

People who live with a gender identity that doesn’t match their biological sex

Transexual

Have hormonal and or surgical treatment to change their sex to correspond with their gender identity

Intersex

People born with ambiguous genitals were not the typical chromosomes of male or female (This is biological)

Nonbinary

Someone who does not identify as male or female

Gender fluid

Someone who disagrees with the binary receptive gender, and might see their gender as changing

Gender nonconforming

Someone who doesn’t accept the gender, norms and act in ways that contradict prescribes, gender roles

DSM 4

If someone was transgender, they were said to have a gender disorder

DSM 5

You have to have distress or anxiety because you identify as a gender different to what you were assigned to at birth for it to be considered a disorder. You don’t just have to be transgender there needs to be distress and anxiety.

Gender expression

The way a person expresses their gender identity through appearance, behavior, and interest

Why do we conform to gender expression?

So we can be categorized accurately

Gender role attitude

Personal view on how women and men should behave (traditional, egalitarian, transitional)

Traditional gender role attitude

Think men have higher status, more power, women should work in the house, less power, focus on nurturing

Egalitarian gender role attitude

Equal roles, status, responsibilities (equal doesn’t mean same)

Transitional gender role attitude

In the middle of traditional and egalitarian

Affective component of gender

Sexism

Sexism

Prejudice towards someone based on their sex (can be negative or positive)

Cognitive component of gender

Gender role stereotypes

Gender role stereotypes

Beliefs about features of the categories

Behavioural component of gender

Sex discrimination

Sex discrimination

Differential treatment based on gender

Feminists

Believe men and women should be treated equally and hold the belief that society needs to make changes for equality to occur and include impetus To take action to make these changes

Who’s the dominant group

Men, there’s also intersectionality (white, heterosexual, rich, cisgender men)

What do minimalists think in regards to natural differences between men and women

Very little difference, and if we were treated the same since birth those differences would vanish

What do maximalists think in regards to natural differences between men and women

There’s a fundamental difference, but these differences don’t mean 1 is better than the other

What do constructionists think in regards to natural differences between men and women

It’s fruitless to study gender because you can’t be divorced from its context meaning you can’t study the effect of gender when it’s inherently confounded with other factors like dominance and status

Intersectionality

Gender can’t be understood independent of the other social categories like gender, race, social class, religion, etc.

Sexist language

Things like WNBA, man bun, male nurse (have a whole different distinction)

Gender neutral toys and clothes

Have a decent amount until 1yr old

Gender culture

Reflects societies understanding of what’s possible, proper in gender linked behaviour

Native American cultures

4 genders one being “Berdache” which is a biological male who takes on characteristics of both men and women

Mexico Muxe

A biological male who dresses like a female intakes on women’s roles in the community, but don’t identify a male or a female

Morocco

Two genders however, private space Is reserved for females and everything outside the home is reserved for males

Agta Negrito

Challenge the idea that men and women social roles are rooted in biology (women hunt fish with men and only stop after pregnancy for a bit to breast feed)

Tahiti

Androgynous society. Women have same status and opportunities as men (no word for gender in the language)

Who slightly prefers girls over boys for kids

Women

Who are sometimes standpoint feminists

Maximalists

Standpoint feminists

Recognize that women and men different also advocating that women have competencies

NOW

national organization for women emerged in 1800s

NOMAS

National organization for men against sexism

Falsifiable

Should be able to prove it right for it to be a science (not 100% correct)

Correlational studies pros

Lots of things we’re interested in we can’t manipulate

Cons of correlational studies

Correlation doesn’t mean causation

Experimental charecteristics

Manipulation, random assignment

Independent variable

Manipulated

Dependent variable

What ur measuring

Experimental studies pros

Can determine causality

Experimental cons

We can’t manipulate everything

Quasi experiment

Kind of an experiment had a quasi (

Field designs

Going out into the world and seeing how people behave

Cross sectional

Measuring different people one time but different ages

Longitudinal

Measuring same people over a long period of tome

Meta analysis

Massive study based on other studies

Experimenter effects

We all have ideas of how gender works

Participant effects

Demand charecteristics (when a participant thinks they know what the study is so the behave a certain way to “help”)

2 types of sexism

Hostile (traditional) modern (benevolent)

Hostile (Traditional) Sexism

Open/blatant especially towards women who challenged traditional roles this can include beliefs that women are less competent and openly treating women differently

Benevolent (modern) Sexism

More subtle, (can sound positive, but still reinforces inequality) this can include denying that discrimination against women still exist, Resentment towards women’s demands free equality

Example of benevolent sexism

The belief that women should always be protected by a man

What is hostile sexism typically linked with

Social dominance, Rape myth acceptance, And unfriendly behaviour towards women

What type of correlation do hostile and Benevolent sexism have

Positive

Which type of sexism is worse

Benevolent

More endorsed and reinforced because it doesn’t seem disrespectful and because the Victims get a benefit out of it

4 reasons why it’s hard to reject benevolent sexism

recipient gets a benefit, helper gets insulted, Norm’s dictate to accept graciously, Hard to explain why to reject

Homophobia definition

Fear of homosexuals were appearing as homosexual

Sports and HomoPhobia

Men who engaged tend to be more homophobic women who engage tend to be seen as lesbians and this has to do with the fact that sports is athletic, which is seen more as a masculine treat

Transphobia definition

Revolting/irrational fear of transgender cross-dressers feminine men and masculine women

Violence rates, and transgender women

Higher rates, especially if they are of colour

stereotypes are both what?

Descriptive (Describing your viewpoint and what you mean by certain terms) And perspective (How we think people should be behave)

Category based expectancy/decisions

Immediately categorizing someone based off their identifications And interact with them accordingly, based off that (Mainly do this with people we don’t know)

Target based expectancy/decisions

Typically use this when we know someone

Around what age are gender stereotypes known

3yrs

Around what age do kids start to prefer gender related toys?

18 months

What happens at roughly 4 to 5 years old regarding stereotypes

Start applying it to people (They have short hair so they must be a boy)

What age do kids start using more targeted information

7-8 yrs

Gender ideologies

Attitude/beliefs about the roles men and women should have

Shifts overtime regarding gender ideologies

US gender attitudes became more egalitarian around the 1970s and then levelled off in the skin be due to Cohort effects (Younger generation held more egalitarian attitudes)