Energy + ATP

Energy + ATP Slides

So what do we know about Energy Flow?

So energy flow we know that

• Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

• The total amount of energy in the universe hasn’t changed whatsoever since the time of the big bang

What exactly is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

And what does it do with energy?

Well it’s the law of conversion of energy:

look we know that energy can’t be destroyed nor created but it can be converted from one form to another

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics? And what does state of disorder have to do with it?

So the 2nd law of thermodynamics like how the 1st law deals with energy conversion in another form, only some of the original energy ends up in that new form; the rest of it is just lost as heat, now systems also tend to towards a state of disorder which means that systems like living things tend to run out of energy if they aren’t continuously supplied with energy

What is entropy and give examples + describe the differences between high and low entropy

So entropy is measuring the disorder, energy distribution and randomness in a system

• A highly ordered system like if you stack bricks perfectly would be considered low entropy

• A highly disordered system like if you stack bricks in a messy way would be considered high entropy

What processes in our body require energy?

• Muscle contraction

• Active transport

• Movement

• Making polymers like proteins and glycogen

• Chemical reactions

where does energy actually come from?

Energy comes from food and it’s basically useless as it is until the chemical bonds in the food are transferred to the phosphate bonds in ATP

What is ATP? Definition

Why is ATP Reversible?

So ATP (Adenine Triphosphate) is made up of Adenine: nitrogenous base located in top left, Ribose: 5 carbon sugar molecules that act as a backbone in the middle, and 3 phosphate groups: which are chains of phosphorus and oxygen atoms where energy is stored.

It’s reversible meaning it can release energy by breaking off the 3rd phosphorus group because cells need energy ATP-ADP and vice versus when breaking down food it uses that energy to reattach the phosphate group ADP-ATP and stores energy

What and how do exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions? Provide scenario

So when we build muscles by adding amino acids together to make muscle fibers (which requires energy) and once you sit down and eat a healthy linch that’s filled with nutrients your digesting which means releasing energy from the food EXERGONIC REACTION to then create ATP ENDERGONIC REACTION

What’s the equation of aerobic respiration? And does ATP provide energy for barley any cellular reactions?

It’s C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Basically this is the overall reaction where glucose is oxidized and it’s made up of a series of oxidation-reduction reactions

No, ATP provides energy for all cellular reactions

So how exactly does ATP even work

So to think of how it works we can look at it in 3 ways

1st way is that the third phosphate group is very hard to keep attached since there’s repulsion in the O- groups and breaking the bonds between O-P can require a bit of energy

2nd way is that the phosphates form bonds with water which releases a lot of energy and creates a very stable structure

3rd way is that entropy increases since 1 molecules is broken into 2 + exergonic rxn energy is released

So what is the point of digestion?

How much energy is released from a exergonic reaction that’s used do the work?

Provide the formula too

So digestion is when energy is released and then that same energy is used to add inorganic phosphates (Pi) to ADP to form ATP

About 40% of energy is released from the cells exergonic reactions used to do the work

Formula: ADP + Pi + Energy —> ATP + H2O

How would you differentiate the 2 graphs between exergonic and endergonic reaction?

Well looking back at what those mean

Exergonic: when energy is released

Endergonic: when energy is built

So looking at these 2 factors the one that’s going down would be exergonic since after energy is released you would have less energy than the reactant and would happen naturally

The one that’s going up would be the endergonic since energy is built and you would have more energy than the reactant

Terminology: what is

Oxidation

Reduction

Phosphorylation

Decarboxylation

Oxidation: when electrons are lost, oxygen is gained, and hydrogen is lost

Reduction: electrons gained, oxygen lost, hydrogen gained

Phosphorylation: addition of phosphoryl (PO3) to group a molecule

Decarboxylation: the removal of a carboxyl group and the release of co2

(OIL RIG) - of electrons

Thinking back to the terminology what is a REDOX reaction?

So REDOX (Reduction-Oxidation) is a chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between 2 substances which causes the oxidation states to change

OIL = Oxidation # Increases

RIG = Oxidation # Decreases

What’s a Coenzme

A coenzyme basically binds to an enzyme and is like a cofactor is organic and is derived from vitamins like B3 and is essential for catalytic activity

In enzymes what are the players, oxidized form and reduced form?

Players: NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), FAD (Favine Adenine Dinucleotide) NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

Oxidized Form: NAD+, FAD, NADP

Reduced Form: NADH, FADH2, NADPH

What do these technical terms mean? Metabolic pathways, Photophosphorylation and Dehydrogenation

Metabolic Pathways: Series of reactions that are controlled by enzymes

Photophosphorylation: adding phosphate using light

Dehydrogenation: Removal of hydrogen from a molecule