Chapter 8: Growing Pains: The New Republic, 1790–1820

What were the two major political parties that developed in the 1790s?

The Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

What did the Federalists support?

A strong federal government, Hamilton’s economic plan, and closer ties with Britain

What did the Democratic-Republicans support?

Limited federal power, broader democracy, and closer sympathy toward France

What happened during the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794?

Pennsylvania farmers resisted the whiskey tax, and Washington sent 13,000 militia to enforce the law

Who won the election of 1796?

Federalist John Adams

What was the XYZ Affair?

French officials demanded bribes from American diplomats before negotiations, causing anger toward France

What was the Quasi-War?

An undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France from 1796–1800

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Laws that restricted immigrants and punished criticism of the federal government

What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions argue?

That the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and that states could challenge unconstitutional federal laws

Why was the election of 1800 called the “Revolution of 1800”?

It was the first peaceful transfer of presidential power from one political party to another

Who became president after the election of 1800?

Thomas Jefferson

What happened on 03/04/1801?

Thomas Jefferson took office as the third president

What was established by Marbury v. Madison in 1803?

The principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court power to determine whether laws were constitutional

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

The U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million in 1803, doubling the size of the country

Who led the expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory?

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

What was the purpose of the Embargo Act of 1807?

To stop American trade with foreign countries and pressure Britain and France to stop attacking American ships

What was the major effect of the Embargo Act?

It severely damaged American commerce; exports fell about 80% in 1808

What were the main causes of the War of 1812?

British impressment of American sailors, attacks on American ships, and British support for Native resistance to U.S. expansion

Who were the War Hawks?

Younger American politicians who strongly supported going to war with Britain

When did the United States declare war on Britain?

06/1812

Who was Tecumseh?

A Shawnee war chief who organized Native resistance against U.S. western expansion

What happened at the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813?

Commodore Oliver H. Perry defeated a British naval force

What happened when the British attacked Washington, DC, in 1814?

British forces burned Washington, including government buildings

What event inspired “The Star-Spangled Banner”?

The successful defense of Fort McHenry during the British bombardment of Baltimore in 1814

What treaty ended the War of 1812?

The Treaty of Ghent, signed in 12/1814

Why did the Battle of New Orleans happen after the Treaty of Ghent?

News traveled slowly, so the armies did not know the treaty had already been signed

When was the Battle of New Orleans?

01/08/1815

Who led American forces at the Battle of New Orleans?

Andrew Jackson

What effect did the Battle of New Orleans have on Andrew Jackson?

It made him a national war hero and increased his political prominence

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which guarantee individual rights

Citizen Genêt affair

the controversy over the French representative who tried to involve the United States in France’s war against Great Britain

Democratic-Republicans

advocates of limited government who were troubled by the expansive domestic policies of Washington’s administration and opposed the Federalists

impressment

the practice of capturing sailors and forcing them into military service

letters of marque

French warrants allowing ships and their crews to engage in piracy

Louisiana Purchase

the U.S. purchase of the large territory of Louisiana from France in 1803

Marbury v. Madison

the landmark 1803 case establishing the Supreme Court’s powers of judicial review, specifically the power to review and possibly nullify actions of Congress and the president

Revolution of 1800

the peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans with the election of 1800

the Terror

a period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme violence and the execution of numerous enemies of the revolutionary government, from 1793 through 1794

XYZ affair

the French attempt to extract a bribe from the United States during the Quasi-War of 1798–1800