DCLSA Exam 2

Dalit

“Untouchables”, the outcasts, lowest caste social standing

Ambedkar

Social Reformer criticizing caste system and advocating untouchable status. Authored the Constitution of India

Mahad Satyagraha

Launched by Ambedkar mobilizing 10,000 Dalits in exercising the law protecting Dalit rights to drink water, also burning ancient Brahminical texts outlining the caste system.

Round Table Conference

British convening with Indian nationalists for constitutional reform

Poona Pact

Agreement that Dalits will not have separate electorates but special seat reserves in the electorate following Gandhi and Ambedkar conflict.

Muhummad Ali Jinnah

Founder of Pakistan, leader of All India Muslim League until Pakistan independence. Initially the bridge between Muslims and Hindus in the Indian National Congress.

All India Muslim League

Initially an elitist organization protecting Muslim rights in Indian National Congress. Revitalized by Jinnah in 40s, created the Lahore Resolution, to declare Muslims as their own nation with the goal of a federated union of states with a role in India. Wanted a weaker centralized government.

Pakistan

Acronym: Punjab, Afghan province, Kashmir, Sindh, TAN movement following worldwide movement following WWII

Subhas Chandra Bose

Member of INC till 1939, leaves, critiques India for still allying with British, says solution is to ally with axis powers for freedom, escapes to Germany, meets Hitler, raises Indian National army

Cabinet Mission Plan

Independence proposoal involving the grouping of provinces into Hindu, Muslim, and mixed into federated states. Jinnah loves it. INC hates it.Loe

Lord Mountbatten

King Charles advisor, last Viceroy of British India, came to South Asia to “handle” India

Radcliffe Line

Made the partition official, drew a line based on outdated maps, incomplete census numbers, just to be done with the conflict. Used the Ravi River to split India.

Jawaharlal Nehru

First prime minister of India

Quit India Movement

1942, Gandhi put in jail, mass mobilization of lower ranks INC< what we now know as the final stand against colonial rule

Secularism

Difference from US in that it separates government from all religion, claimed representation for all. Comprised of upper caste Hindus which showcase bias.

One Unit Scheme

Gives east and west Pakistan equal representation nominally.Ay

Ayub Khan

Second and longest serving president of Pakistan from 1958-1969, declared martial law, suspended constitution, because Pakistan and India are fighting

Mutual Defense Assistance Act

Pakistan allies with the US to get military bolstering. US benefits by getting oil resources, and a strategic location near Russia (Cold War).

Nonalignment

foundational foreign policy India enforced during the Cold War to preserve their newly gained sovereignty and strategic autonomy.

Bandung Conference

29 countries attended, hosted in Indonesia focus on fostering Afro-Asia relations in the midst of the Cold War, promoting nonalignment.

5 Year Plan

Rebuilding post-colonial infrastructure, expand public sector, and make India independent in practice. US pulling strings to enforce Indian conformity.

Sino-Indian War

Border conflict between India and China that made Nehru’s nonalignment stance buckle after being violently betrayed by a Chinese attack, shattering their relationship and forcing Nehru’s decline.

Green Revolution

Following Lyndon B. Johnson’s short-tether policy, freezing long term food agreements, and inciting a huge famine over India, India launched a high yielding crop movement. They used heavy chemical fertilizers to mass produce crops for India to be able to feed itself.

Saadat Hasan Manto

Fictional writer affected by Partition of Pakistan. Critically acclaimed for his rash realism about marginalized communities affected by the partition. Faced obscenity by both Indian and Pakistani governments for his controversial works.

Jute

Plant, fiber oven into coarse rugs, used originally in packages across the world. Also used in military sandbags throughout the world wars. In the 1830s, 28% of all exports, second only to cotton. Scotland and Calcutta primary producers of jute. Impacted greatly by Partition.

Sheikh Mujibir Rahman

Announces 6 point program, a call for East Pakistan’s further autonomy. Arrested, joining martyrdom, and thus incites the Bangladeshi movement.

Awami League

Led by middle of the road conservatives, this organization in East Pakistan was created to fight for more autonomy and inclusion and eventually Bangladeshi independence.

Yahya Khan

Replaces Ayub in West Pakistan, wants civil rule. Holds first Pakistan elections for national governing body. Grants proportional representation, delays assemly line after losing politically, leads to war.

Operation Searchlight

Genocide to seize control and dismantle the awami league and unify the two sides.

V.D. Savarkar

Founding father of Hindu Nationalism and Hindutva, and authored Essentials of Hindutva

Hindutva

An ethno-nationalist identity based on shared geography, ancestry, and culture tied to the Indian subcontinent rather than shared political ideology or citizenship.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

A formal political party embodying Hindu Nationalism established in 1980Na

Narendra Modi

Becomes chief minister of Gujarat a lifelong member of RSS. Put BJP on the map.

Shawl

A piece of fabric clothing worn over the shoulders, upper body, and arms. Symbolizes divide between India and Pakistan over Kashmir following a rupture in ancestral trade markets with the Partition. Also a symbol of political resistance during the Gandhi era,

Dogra Dynasty

A Hindu royal dynasty that ruled the princely states of Jammu and Kashmir from 1846-1947. India

India-Pakistan War 1947-1948

A conflict over who had the right to determine Kashmir’s political future between 2 newly established countries and a princely state monarchy crisis. Muslim population, Hindu ruler, civil unrest over monarchy, and a partition that divided a place where all parties had claims.

ceasefire line / Line of Control

Established by the United Nations to stop the fighting between India-Pakistan, informally divided Kashmir into regions controlled by India and Pakistan.

Azad Kashmir

A Pakistani-administered part of Kashmir in the western portion. Has its own president and prime minister

Northern Areas: Gilgit-Baltistan

Also retained by Pakistan after line of control. DIfferent in that it was directly governed by Pakistan without local political representation.

Sheikh Abdullah

The central political figure in Jammu and Kashmir post war. Though contributing to accession to India, sought representation and autonomy for the local Kashmir peoples.

Article 370

The fine print of Jammu and Kashmir acceeding to India. Granted them special rights to maintain autonomy over their internal affairs and the freedom to have their own constitution.

Jammu and Kashmir

Taken over by Indian government following the line of control. Though grouped in one category, had separate languages and cultural traditions.

National Conference (NC)

Led by Sheikh Abdullah as a local population against the Dogra rule characterizing already existing internal conflict in Kashmir leading up to 1947. Ended up siding with joining India.

1965 India-Pakistan War

Pakistan’s attempt to change the territorial disposition militarily, trying to incite uprisings and damage Indian infrastructure. Ended in stalemate, nothing territorially changed.

Indira Gandhi

First woman prime minister, daughter of Nehru. Involved in the creation of Bangladesh, reinstituting Abdullah’s political power, and the reinforced the Line of Control

Sanjay Gandhi

Indira’s younger son who amassed great political influence throughout the Emergency. Established 5 point plan, and very abrasively pushed these social reforms like mass-sterilization and demolishing informaal settlements to expedite urban development

The Emergency

Indira Gandhi’s declaration in 1975 after being found guilty for electoral misconduct. A crisis of democracy that restricted civil liberties, censored media, and mass persecution of opposing political protestors, paired with Sanjay’s plans.

populism

A framework of ideology that divides society into “the people” and “the elite”.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Pakistani president following their separation from Bangladesh in 1971. Signed the Simla Agreement and shaped India/Pakistani relations.

Zia-ul-Haq

Overthrew Bhutto after staging military coup, became military ruler of Pakistan, declared martial law and promised elections that never happened. Spearheaded Islamization and strengthened Pakistan’s international military role.

Sheikh Mujib Rahman

Leader of Bengali independence movement and founding leader of Bangladesh. Won the national election as the leader of Awami League before operation searchlight.

Ziaur Rahman

President of Bangladesh following Mujibir’s assassination. Moved toward Bangladesh nationalism instead of Bengali, shifted the state into more Islamic, more capitalist, founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.