A&P Unit 3 Lab: Chapter 16

What are the four major portions of the brain?

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brain stem, and Cerebellum

What part of the brain is this?

Cerebrum

What portion of the brain is this?

Cerebellum

What portion of the brain is this?

Brain stem

What part of the brain is this?

Diencephalon

What does the cerebrum of the brain do?

The cerebrum is responsible for higher brain functions, including thought, action, and sensory processing. It is divided into two hemispheres and controls voluntary movements and cognitive functions.

Which portion of the brain covers most of the visible portion of an intact brain?

Cerebrum

What part of the brain is the smallest of the four main portions?

The diencephalon

What purpose does the diencephalon serve?

Much of your body’s homeostatic process are controlled by the diencephalon.

What part of the brain extends from the diencephalon to the spinal cord?

The brain stem

What does the brain stem do?

It makes connections between the higher portions of the brain, the spinal cord, and the cerebellum

Which part of the brain coordinates the movements of your body?

The cerebellum

What membrane covers the brain?

Cranial meninges

What cranial structure acts as an anchor for Cranial Meninges?

Crista Galli

What bone is the Crista Galli located?

Ethmoid bone

What are the three distinct layers of the cranial meninges?

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater

What is the innermost (Deepest) Meninx?

Pia mater

What connective tissue is the Pia mater made of?

Areolar connective tissue

What is the middle layer of the meninges called?

Arachnoid mater

What lies between the Pia mater and Arachnoid mater?

Subarachnoid space

What layer of the meninges is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Subarachnoid space

What purpose does CSF serve?

It helps to support and protect the brain, and it also helps deliver nutrients to and remove waste materials from the brain

What is the name of the outermost meninx?

Dura mater

The Dura mater consists of how many layers?

Two layers

What type of connective tissue is the Dura mater made of?

Dense irregular connective tissue

What are the two layers of the Dura mater called?

Meningeal layer and periosteal layer

What layer of the Dura mater is in contact with the arachnoid mater?

Meningeal layer

What is the purpose of the Dura mater’s periosteal layer?

It lines the inside of the cranium

What meninx layer is in orange?

Periosteal layer of the Dura Mater

What meninx layer is in light blue?

Meningeal layer of the Dura mater

What meninx layer is in orange?

Dura mater

What meninx layer is in blue?

Arachnoid mater

What meninx layer is in green?

Pia mater

What meninx layer is in purple?

Subarachnoid space of the Arachnoid mater

What part of the brain is this?

Cerebrum

What is the cerebral cortex?

The surface of the cerebrum that you see when you examine a brain superficially, which is a layer of gray matter.

What does the gray matter of the brain contain?

Neuron bodies and unmyelinated axons

What do neurons do?

Form the “conscious mind”

What part of the brain is this?

Gyrus

What is the name of the folds of tissue that make up the cerebral cortex?

Gyri (Gyrus is the singular term)

What is being outlined in red?

Sulcus

What are sulci?

Narrow grooves between gyri

What is the name of this line?

Longitudinal fissure

What are the left and right halves of the cerebrum called?

Cerebral hemispheres

What deep midsagittal groove divides the cerebral hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure

What part of the cerebral cortex is this?

Frontal lobe

What part of the cerebral cortex is this?

Parietal lobe

What part of the cerebral cortex is this?

Occipital lobe

What part of the cerebral cortex is this?

Temporal lobe

What part of the cerebral cortex is this?

Insula

How many regions is the cerebral cortex of each hemisphere divided into?

Five regions

What are the five lobes/regions of the cerebral cortex?

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula

What is the anterior portion of the cortex called?

The frontal lobe

What are some functions of the frontal lobe?

Generating somatic motor commands, generating speech movements, task management, and determining intellect and personality

What part of the frontal lobe directs somatic motor commands?

The precentral gyrus

Where is the parietal lobe located?

At the top of each hemisphere

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

The central sulcus

What are some functions of the parietal lobe?

Conscious processing of somatosensory information and language

What types of information are considered somatosensory information?

Touch and body positions

What part of the parietal lobe processes somatosensory information?

The postcentral gyrus

What is the anatomical relationship between the precentral gyrus, central sulcus, and postcentral gyrus?

The precentral gyrus is in front of the central sulcus, and the postcentral gyrus is behind it

Where is the temporal lobe located?

Inferior to the parietal lobe

What separates the temporal and parietal lobes?

The lateral sulcus

What two important sensations are processed by the temporal lobe?

Auditory and olfactory sensations

What is the posterior portion of the cortex called?

The occipital lobe

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

Processing visual information

Where is the insula located?

Deep to the lateral sulcus

What is one function of the insula?

Perception of taste, emotion, and consciousness

What is the name of this structure?

Central sulcus

What is the name of this gyrus?

Precentral gyrus

What is the name of this gyrus?

Postcentral gyrus

What is the name of this structure?

Lateral sulcus

Which lobe is associated with motor commands and personality?

Frontal lobe

Which lobe is associated with touch and body positions?

Parietal lobe

Which lobe processes hearing and smell?

Temporal lobe

Which lobe processes vision?

Occipital lobe

Which region is associated with taste?

Insula

What gyrus controls somatic motor commands?

Precentral gyrus

What gyrus processes somatosensory information?

Postcentral gyrus

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Central sulcus

What sulcus separates the parietal and temporal lobes?

Lateral sulcus

What lies underneath the cerebral cortex?

Tracts of myelinated axons called cerebral white matter

What makes up the cerebral white matter?

Tracts of myelinated axons

What do the axons in the cerebral white matter connect?

Billions of cortical neurons to each other and to lower portions of the CNS

What is the name of this structure?

Corpus callosum

What shape does the corpus callosum have in a midsaggital view?

A C-shaped appearance

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

It connects the two cerebral hemispheres to each other.

What is the name of this structure?

Fornix

What structure is located just inferior to the corpus callosum?

The fornix

What does the fornix connect?

Portions of the cerebrum with portions of the diencephalon

What thin membrane is located between the corpus callosum and fornix?

The septum pellucidum

What structure is this?

Septum pellucidum

What structure separates the two lateral ventricles?

Septum pellucidum

What are ventricles?

Cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

Which structure connects portions of the cerebrum and diencephalon?

Fornix

What role does the fornix play for your consciousness?

Memory development

Which structure separates the two lateral ventricles?

Septum pellucidum

What fluid is found inside the brain's ventricles?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What structure is this?

Choroid plexus