General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering chemical ions, acids, bases, types of chemical reactions, organic functional groups, homologous series, and key chemical compounds.

Chemical Reaction

A process in which one or more substances (reactants) are transformed into new substances (products) by breaking and forming chemical bonds.

Balanced Chemical Equation

A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element is equal on both reactant and product sides.

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances, such as $2H_2O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O + O_2$.

Single Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction where one element replaces another element in a compound, such as $Fe + CuSO_4 \rightarrow FeSO_4 + Cu$.

Double Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which two compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds, such as $Pb(NO_3)_2 + 2KI \rightarrow PbI_2 + 2KNO_3$.

Combination Reaction

A reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single new substance, such as $2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O$.

Neutralisation Reaction

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water, such as $HCl + NaOH \rightarrow NaCl + H_2O$.

Combustion Reaction

A chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen releasing carbon dioxide, water, and energy, such as $CH_4 + 2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O + \text{Energy}$.

Saturated Compound

A hydrocarbon that contains only single carbon-carbon bonds, such as methane ($CH_4$) or ethane ($C_2H_6$).

Unsaturated Compound

A hydrocarbon that contains double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

Functional Group

A group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of an organic compound.

Homologous Series

A family of organic compounds having the same functional group and similar chemical properties.

Isomerism

The existence of compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas, such as n-butane ($CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3$) and iso-butane ($CH_3-CH(CH_3)-CH_3$).

Ethylene Glycol

An organic compound used as an antifreeze in vehicle radiators and in the manufacture of polyester and plastics.

Glycerol

An organic compound used in medicines, cosmetics, and as a sweetening agent.

Lime Water

The common name for calcium hydroxide solution with the chemical formula $Ca(OH)_2$.

Lime

The common name for calcium oxide with the chemical formula $CaO$.

Limestone

The common name for calcium carbonate with the chemical formula $CaCO_3$.

Hydrochloric Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $HCl$.

Sulphuric Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $H_2SO_4$.

Nitric Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $HNO_3$.

Acetic Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $CH_3COOH$.

Carbonic Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $H_2CO_3$.

Sodium Hydroxide

A base with the chemical formula $NaOH$.

Potassium Hydroxide

A base with the chemical formula $KOH$.

Magnesium Hydroxide

A base with the chemical formula $Mg(OH)_2$.

Calcium Hydroxide

A base with the chemical formula $Ca(OH)_2$.

Aluminium Hydroxide

A base with the chemical formula $Al(OH)_3$.

Ferrous Ion

Iron cation with a $+2$ charge, represented as $Fe^{2+}$.

Ferric Ion

Iron cation with a $+3$ charge, represented as $Fe^{3+}$.

Ammonium Ion

A polyatomic cation represented as $NH_4^+$.

Nitrate Ion

A polyatomic anion represented as $NO_3^-$.

Nitrite Ion

A polyatomic anion represented as $NO_2^-$.

Chlorate Ion

A polyatomic anion represented as $ClO_3^-$.

Phosphate Ion

A polyatomic anion represented as $PO_4^{3-}$.

Sulphate Ion

A polyatomic anion represented as $SO_4^{2-}$.

Sulphide Ion

An anion represented as $S^{2-}$.

Nitride Ion

An anion represented as $N^{3-}$.

Alcohol Functional Group

A functional group represented by $-OH$ with the suffix '-ol'.

Aldehyde Functional Group

A functional group represented by $-CHO$ with the suffix '-al'.