Cell and Microscope

Eye piece (ocular)- the lens you look through (10x magnification)

Coarse focus adjustment- moves the stage in large increments

Body Tube- the tube that supports the eye piece

Fine focus adjustment- moves the stage in small increments

Revolving nose piece- the rotating device that holds and changes the objectives

blue, 40x

High power objective- magnification lens with the highest power

Arm- attaches the body tube to the base

yellow- 10x

medium power objective- magnification lens with medium power

Stage- holds the specimen

Stage clips

clips that keep the slide or specimen from moving on the stage

Diaphragm- controls the amount of light entering stage

Base- supports the microscope

Light- allows light onto the slide through the aperture

Red, 4x

Low power objective- magnification lens with the lowest power

How is the plasma membrane arranged? Is it permeable? (look at model)

Phospholipid bilayer (tail to tail). Heads are hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic. semi-permeable

Structures in plasma membrane (model)

Carbs, proteins, cholesterol

Carbs function (model)

Identify chemical signals from other cells

Proteins function (model)

transmit signals inside the cell, act as a support structure, provide pathways for substances to enter and leave

Cholesterol function (model)

nonpolar; prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells and examples

small/simple, no organelles, no nucleus, unicellular; bacteria

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells and examples

Big/complex, have organelles, have a nucleus, uni/multicellular, lots of variety; animals, plants, fungi, protists

Function and labeling organelles

CHECK NOTES RIGHT NOW

Special plant organelles

cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

Special animal organelles

Cytoskeleton, lysosomes, centrioles

What objective do you start with on a microscope?

Low power

How to make slide?

Sanitize hook, take sample with hook, smear quarter size amount on a drop of water on the slide, heat fix, and stain

How to handle and clean microscope

One hand on neck and base; hand-width away from edge of table. Use lens wipe to clean lens and put cover on it when storing.

How to calculate total magnification?

multiply the power of the ocular lens (eyepiece) by the power of the active objective lens

What is a cell?

The smallest unit of life

Cell theory

all organisms are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, all cells come from pre-existing cells.

What technology contributed the most to the development of the cell theory?

The microscope

Facilitated diffusion (look at model)

uses carrier protein to move materials across the cell membrane

Active transport

Uses cellular energy to move materials across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient (goes from low to high)

What is diffusion?

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to a low concentration

Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic (look at model)

a high solute concentration outside of the cell, causes water to diffuse out of the cell. Water will leave, and the cell will shrink.

Hypotonic (look at model)

a high solute concentration inside of the cell, causes water to diffuse into the cell. Water will enter the cell, and the cell will swell.

Isotonic (look at model)

the concentration of solute is the same on both sides of the membrane. Water will enter/leave cell and cell will stay the same.

Solute

a substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution

Passive transport

no cellular energy is used

3 types of of active transport (look at models)

1. Protein pump

2. Endocytosis

3. Exocytosis

Protein pump

proteins embedded in the cell membrane help to move ions and small molecules

Sodium (Na+)/Potassium (K+) ATPase pump (model)

is an enzyme that uses ATP/energy. Moves three Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell.

Endocytosis (model)

movement of substances into the cell by vacuoles

Phagocytosis

taking in large particles for food; blood cells consuming bacteria

Pinocytosis

taking in water by using vacuoles

Exocytosis

movement of substances out of cell by vacuoles