PSYC 235-01: CH2 Biological and Environmental Foundations (part 1)

Mitosis

Cells replicate, have identical genetic material and 2 identical daughter cells

Meiosis

s*xual reproduction, 4 daughter cells with different genetic material

Gametes

Cells from meiosis that are specialized for sexual reproduction

Zygote

Fertilized eggs with 23 pairs of 46 chromosomes

Dizygotic Twins

Fraternal Twins

Monozygotic Twins

Identical Twins

Incomplete Dominance

Both genes influence characteristics
(red color and white color make pink color)

Genome Imprinting

Expression determined by whether or not its inherited by Mother or Father

Polygenetic Inheritance

Interaction of many genes that affects most of our traits

Dominant/Recessive Disorders

Dominant gene disorders are always expressed and recessive gene disorders are only expressed if paired with another recessive.

X Linked Disorders

Certain recessive genetic disorders are carried on the X chromosome. Expressed always in XY, sometimes in XX.

X Linked Disorder Examples

Hemophilia, Fragile X syndrome (causes intellectual disability)

Chromosome Abnormalities

A change in number of chromosomes. Down syndrome.

Kinefelter Syndrome

Sex Chromosome Abnormality, Males are born with an extra X chromosome (XXY). Higher pitched voice, feminine body shape, breast enlargement, infertility.

Turner Syndrome

Sex Chromosome Abnormality, Females are born with only 1 X chromosome. Abnormal growth pattern, lack of ovulation.

Assisted Reproductive Technology

Alternative methods of conception that rely on medical technology

Genetic Counseling

Helps individuals understand the risk of conceiving a child

Artificial Insemination

Insertion of sperm from a partner or donor into a woman

Intravaginal Culture

Less expensive alternative to IVF, ova and sperm placed in tiny incubator placed inside woman's vagina

Behavior Genetics

Study of how genes and experience combine to influence the diversity of human traits and behaviors

Non-Shared Environment

The nonshared environment refers to experiences that are unique to a particular
child.

Twin Studies

Compare Identical and Fraternal Twins to estimate what traits attribute to genes

Adoption Studies

Compare adopted children to their biological parents/adopted parents